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ZX Review #7-8-9-10
08 ноября 1997 |
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Forum - Multicolor program on any computer model. Using the 2 nd screen Multicolor'a. Demonstration of the text. Electronic journals.
FORUM
Music by ZET
(C) KM SoftWare '1997
So, in the first place a program that allows you to use
MULTICOLOR on any computer model. Input program does not
require (only advisable to clear the screen and set the
attributes). Imprint: A - number of rows from the beginning of
the curb (Parish INT) to the first line of the screen.
Example of use: run this test, then run your program, an
interrupt output which hangs MULTICOLOR'a. That is, for the
withdrawal MULTICOLOR'a have to wait n line screen (224 clocks
- 1 line), where n - the number obtained by the test.
If you do not wish to write the program a string of delay,
do it this way: the label RETURN write command RET (code
201 = # C9), and on arrival INT'a
immediately transfer control to
label PRINT, and when you return outputting MULTICOLOR.
Second: if you do not need
first, and some other line of the screen, then change the
address in label ADRES - this address of the first
byte of the desired on-screen prompt.
The program takes only 201
bayt.140.
ORG 32768
TEST DI
LD DE, # C001; form a vector
LD BC, # 0100, for IM 2
LD H, D; 3 (# C000 = 49,152)
LD L, C
LD A, # C1
LD (HL), A
PUSH AF
DEC A
LD (PRINT +1), A; current row
LD I, A
LDIR
IM 2
ADRES LD HL, 16384; draw on the screen
LD B, 32; line
L1 LD (HL), 255
INC HL
DJNZ L1
POP HL
LD L, H
LD (HL), # FB; processing program
INC HL; interrupts: EI: RET
LD (HL), # C9
LD A, B
OUT (# FE), A; black border
EI; allowed IM 2
LOOP HALT; main loop
CALL PRINT; output line
CALL KLAV; poll keypad
JR NC, LOOP; if not pressed the fire
DI; output
LD A, # 3F
LD I, A; normal output
IM 1
LD A, (PRINT +1); take a number
INC A; line 1
EI
RET; output
The poll keypad
And if the output of SCF, then pushed the fire.
KLAV XOR A; * these lines
IN A, (# FE); * principle, we can
CPL; * remove ...
AND # 1F; *
JR Z, NOKEY; * no keys pressed
LD A, # FB
IN A, (# FE)
BIT 0, A; Claudia "Q"
JR Z, UP; if so, then the transition
LD A, # FD
IN A, (# FE)
BIT 0, A; Claudia "A"
JR Z, DOWN
LD A, # 7F
IN A, (# FE)
RRA
JP NC, FIRE; Claudia "SPACE"
NOKEY AND A; no keystrokes
RET
FIRE SCF; output of "SPACE"
RET
; Move the line up
UP LD A, (PRINT +1)
CP 1920
JR Z, NOKEY; limiter
DEC A; reduced the number
LD (PRINT +1), A
JR NOKEY; output
; Move the line down
DOWN LD A, (PRINT +1)
CP 255; limiter
RET Z
INC A; increased the number
LD (PRINT +1), A
JR NOKEY; output
; Output to curb the blue bar
PRINT LD B, 0, row number
PAUSLIN EX (SP), IX; * this programm
EX (SP), IX; * 3propuskaet 224
EX (SP), IX; * tact, that is
EX (SP), IX; * one line
EX (SP), IX; *
EX (SP), IX; *
EX (SP), IX; *
EX (SP), IX; *
LD HL, (0) *
NOP; *
LD A, 3 *
DJNZ PAUSLIN; *
EX (SP), IX; miss another
EX (SP), IX; 3stroku (almost 224
EX (SP), IX; tact - it is necessary for
EX (SP), IX; position correction
EX (SP), IX; row from the left edge
EX (SP), IX; curb. Almost -
EX (SP), IX; because they were already
EX (SP), IX; command CALL, LD B, N
LD DE, 0
LD H, (HL)
NOP
RETURN OUT (# FE), A; blue border
EX (SP), IX; 3propuskaem 224 cycles
EX (SP), IX; 3-11 cycles per
EX (SP), IX; command OUT (# FE), A
EX (SP), IX
EX (SP), IX
EX (SP), IX
EX (SP), IX
EX (SP), IX
LD A, (IX +0)
NOP
LD A, 0
OUT (# FE), A; black border
RET; vyhod2
This test works correctly on machines with 224 bar in
line. If you have a 220, then it is
of course, will not work. About
correct operation of this program you can say this: the
my buggy Pentagon (66 lines
instead of 80 to the screen) vile company Solon. Therefore, the
normal machines can be a deviation.
If you are using to delay the program PRINT, it is not
scary, but if your - if
you have to adjust
the resulting value (teams
ADD A, N, or SUB A, N).
By the way, because this company on the
its "Pentagon" disgusting
go all the demos: the ball is in ILLUSION
disappears (no time to conclude on
screen), then the synchronization is delayed by 3 MULTICOLOR'a
familiarity (EYE ACHE) 'lot, etc. glitches.
Little use of the 2 nd
screen MULTICOLOR'a. You can use it, and in some
cases of need. With the help of
you can display in one of familiarity 4 colors instead of 2, and
lack of resolution is compensated by the fact that you can use
a horizontally though the entire screen. Where can I apply?
If you've seen a demo VIBRATIONS,
you can understand ... There's a nice start of the output
lines, with closer examination it turned out that they are
dichromatic: the point violet - a green dot. It seems to be
using the second screen (Do not know - this demo, I do not
break). With the 2 nd screen can display scroller Text on the
picture with a different color. Is not very clear, but still
...
Demonstration of the text.
Electronic journals.
This article - for those who
wants to make your e-mail
journal, or HELP, but does not know
where to start.
Let's start with the basics: the main thing in
magazine - the visual text.
Naturally, it should be on
of 97 years, ie necessarily
color, and how to pages,
and interline scrolling
text. Managed this business
should or keys (as in SPECTROFON'e) or arrow (ZX-FORMAT) -
interfaces to other demonstrators have not yet invented.
Thus, the visual text is divided into two separate programs:
management and
Text scroller.
This program should provide scrolling text in 2
directions line by line and page by page. The algorithm works
as follows (For the team "line up"):
1. If this is the beginning of the text, then
output.
2. Take the current address in the text
and move it to a string
up.
3. Move the entire screen for one
familiarity down.
4. Print on the top line
line of current address.
5. Exit.
The main loss of time is
paragraph 3: zded we can choose one of two ways - either
greatly increase the speed
scroller - to use a stack
or LDI (it uses
almost all of the memory 48) or to make a scroller is not very
fast, but in color.
1. Using the stack. Cycles
deployed. Used in almost all the memory 48 (when considering
the text and work programs). It works with illegal interrupts,
so SOUNDTRACK impossible. Fullscreen rebuilt in less than two
interrupts.
An example of constructing such a program, scroll the screen
up. This program builds a scroller with the address 26000. When
you log in 26000 interrupts are prohibited,
then there is scrolled up the screen at one familiarity,
restore the stack, the resolution
Interrupt and vozvrat.140.
ORG 25000
LD HL, 26000; have addressed prog
LD (HL), # F3
INC HL
LD (HL), # ED
INC HL
LD (HL), # 73; DI: LD (0), SP
INC HL
LD (HL), 0
INC HL
LD (HL), 0
INC HL
EX DE, HL
LD BC, 184 * 2
LOOP PUSH BC; now transfers
LD HL, BLOK; block 184 * 2 times.
LD BC, ENDBLOK-BLOK
LDIR; for scrolling
POP BC; one line to
DEC BC; 2 blocks.
LD A, B
OR C
JR NZ, LOOP
EX DE, HL
LD (HL), # 31; LD SP, 0: EI: RET
INC HL
LD (26 000 +3), HL
INC HL
INC HL
LD (HL), # FB
INC HL
LD (HL), # C9
LD HL, 26006; address of the first SP +1
LD BC, 184; 184 lines
LOOP1 LD DE, (ADRES1)
LD (HL), E; this pp. puts on
INC HL; commands LD SP, 0
LD (HL), D; the correct values.
LD DE, 12
ADD HL, DE
LD DE, (ADRES3); have addressed
INC DE; increased by 1
LD (HL), E; log into the LD SP, NN
INC HL
LD (HL), D
LD DE, 12; increased address
ADD HL, DE; until the next LD SP
LD DE, (ADRES2)
LD (HL), E
INC HL
LD (HL), D
LD DE, 12
ADD HL, DE
LD DE, (ADRES4)
INC DE
LD (HL), E
INC HL
LD (HL), D
LD DE, 12
ADD HL, DE
EX DE, HL
LD HL, (ADRES1); adjust
CALL DHL; screen address
LD (ADRES1), HL; (reduced by 1
LD HL, (ADRES2); line)
CALL DHL
LD (ADRES2), HL
LD HL, (ADRES3)
CALL DHL
LD (ADRES3), HL
LD HL, (ADRES4)
CALL DHL
LD (ADRES4), HL
EX DE, HL
DEC BC
LD A, B
OR C
JR NZ, LOOP1
RET
DHL INC H; DOWN HL for
LD A, H; screen.
AND 7
RET NZ
LD A, L
ADD A, 32
LD L, A
RET C
LD A, H
SUB 8
LD H, A
RET
ADRES3 DW 16384 +16-1; address in the screen
ADRES4 DW 16 384 31
ADRES1 DW 16 384 32
ADRES2 DW 16 384 31 17
BLOK LD SP, 0; block
POP HL; construction
POP DE; program
POP BC; scroller
POP AF
EXX
EX AF, AF
POP HL
POP DE
POP BC
POP AF
LD SP, 0
PUSH AF
PUSH BC
PUSH DE
PUSH HL
EXX
EX AF, AF
PUSH AF
PUSH BC
PUSH DE
PUSH HL
ENDBLOK2
2. Instead, the stack is used
LDI. Cycles are also deployed. Used by almost 2 times less
memory than in the first case. The program works with interrupt
enable, the output of music is possible. Full speed scroll: 4-6
interrupts. Example will not lead, as She recalls the principle
of constructing the first case, and the structure - the third
(only all the cycles deployed). Unit for one
line will look like this:
140.
BLOK LD HL, 0
LD DE, 0
LD BC, 32
LOOP LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
JP PE, LOOP
2
Of course, have to adjust not only addresses the screen, but
also address the transition: JP PE, LOOP, as if, instead of JP
PE, LOOP put another 16 LDI, then
program will receive a very large (even larger than 1-I).
3. A compressed cycle
LDI. Takes very little memory
(200-400 bytes), but the speed is naturally reduced to 10-15
interrupts. Interrupts are enabled. In principle, ideal for
color scrollers (in SMM, MTV I used exactly this
way).
140.
; An example of scrolling up the screen.
LD DE, 16384, where (top screen)
LD HL, 16384 32, from which (at
; Familiarity below)
LD B ,192-8, all lines
LOOP PUSH BC; remember
PUSH HL
PUSH DE
LDI; 332 LDI (32 bytes
LDI; in a row). Can
LDI; replaced by:
LDI; LD BC, 32
LDI; LDIR,
LDI; but this is
LDI; very slowly
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
POP HL
CALL DOWNHL
POP DE
EX DE, HL
CALL DOWNHL
POP BC
DJNZ LOOP
RET; output
DOWNHL INC H; screen line
LD A, H; down for HL.
AND 7
RET NZ
LD A, L
ADD A, 32
LD L, A
LD A, H
SUB 8
LD H, A
RET
2
If you want to make the scroller
up, then it will be different
only a couple of things: specify the address in DE 23296-31,
the HL - Address on familiarity above (23296-63), in
BC is the same (192-8), but now we need to adjust
Address not DOWNHL, and UPHL - screen line up. Looks like this:
140.
UPHL DEC H
LD A, H
AND 7
CP 7
RET NZ
LD A, L
SUB 32
LD L, A
RET C
LD A, H
ADD A, 8
LD H, A
RET
2
All of the above procedure works only with the graphics.
For colored scrollbars will have to carry attributes. Actually,
you can transfer them in two ways:
1. Following the transfer of graphics.
This is a fast way, but there is one
drawback: if your program
scrolling graphics do not fit in 1-2 interrupt, then the effect
will be very unpleasant: we see how at first be transferred
schedule, and then attributes.
2. In parallel with the transfer
graphics. More than slow and deep
way, but the scroller is
look more or less decently.
For a split colored scrollbars
procedure for scrolling on a routine that would bore the 8
lines of graphics and a line attributes. The text of the
program: 140.
LD DE, 16384, where (top screen)
LD HL, 16384 32, from which (at
; Familiarity below)
LD B, 23; total rows / 8
EXX; address attributes
LD DE, 22528, where
LD HL, 22528 32, from
EXX
LOOP1 PUSH BC
CALL SCROLL; scrolling 8 lines
POP BC
DJNZ LOOP1
RET; output
SCROLL LD B, 8, 8 lines.
LOOP PUSH BC; remember
PUSH HL
PUSH DE
LDI; 332 LDI (32 bytes
LDI; in a row). Can
LDI; replaced by:
LDI; LD BC, 32
LDI; LDIR,
LDI; but this is
LDI; very slowly
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
LDI
POP HL
CALL DOWNHL
POP DE
EX DE, HL
CALL DOWNHL
POP BC
DJNZ LOOP
EXX; attributes
LD BC, 32; newline
LDIR
EXX
RET; output
DOWNHL INC H; screen line
LD A, H; down for HL.
AND 7
RET NZ
LD A, L
ADD A, 32
LD L, A
LD A, H
SUB 8
LD H, A
RET
2
As you can see, nothing complicated ...
A bit of word processing procedures. Actually, we have 4
addresses - the address of the beginning of the text, the
address of the end of the text address top line in the text
(which is currently displayed on the on top of the screen) and
the address of the bottom line in the text. Then the conclusion
Text will be the fastest.
To scroll up stuffing
such a program:
140.
SCRUP LD HL, (ADRES1); address the top
PUSH HL; line
LD DE, (BADRES); starting address
AND A; text
SBC HL, DE; if equal, then
POP HL; correction stack
RET Z; and output
DEC HL; skipping bytes
DEC HL; 3 ENTER = 13 (# 0D)
LD A, 13; search for the next
LOOP1 CP (HL); line
JR Z, FOUND; line found
DEC HL; reduced address
JR LOOP1; in the cycle
FOUND INC HL; in HL-address line
LD (ADRES1), HL; remember
LD HL, (ADRES2);
DEC HL;
DEC HL; You
LOOP2 CP (HL); adjust
JR Z, FOUND1; address lower
DEC HL; line.
JR LOOP2
FOUND1 INC HL
LD (ADRES2), HL
LD HL, (ADRES1); address printing
PRNSTR LD C, 0; counter
LOOP3 LD A, (HL)
CP 13, when the end of line
JR Z, DOP; then overprint
INC C; increased counter
PUSH BC
PUSH HL
CALL PRINT; print symbol
POP HL
POP BC
INC HL; increased address
JR LOOP3; in the cycle
DOP LD A, 32; overprint lines
SUB C; (we must
AND A; print exactly
RET Z; 332 characters).
LD B, A; Remaining count
DOP1 PUSH BC
LD A, 32; code space
CALL PRINT; print
POP BC
DJNZ DOP1
RET; output
2
This option is for monochrome scrolling. For color
have some work to do ...
The whole question is that when a color scrolling text
automatically becomes a non-standard format - control codes,
etc. If you do use this
aaplet only for myself, then
There is nothing wrong, but if for distribution, you have to
write their utility for change the text. In my opinion, for
scroller best to use the text in this format: before the code
is an attribute of any control code (in the SMM, For example,
17). This combination should be the beginning of each line.
Program print (PRINT in our case) should receive a code for
1917 set a new attribute (go the next time you call it) and
print all the characters before entering the code
17 in this color. Here is another:
need to alter the program LOOP1
and LOOP2 (Search Code 13 - the end
line). Now they will be
(We are interested in a piece of Procedure):
140.
SCRUP LD HL, (ADRES1); address the top
PUSH HL; line
LD DE, (BADRES); starting address
AND A; text
SBC HL, DE; if equal, then
POP HL; correction stack
RET Z; and output
DEC HL; skipping bytes
DEC HL; 3 ENTER = 13 (# 0D)
; Search for the next
LOOP1 LD A, (HL); line
CP 1913
JR Z, FOUND; line found
PROPUSK DEC HL; reduced address
JR LOOP1; in the cycle
FOUND DEC HL
LD A, (HL)
CP 17, it was the color?
JR Z, PROPUSK; if so, the transition
INC HL
INC HL; in HL-address line
LD (ADRES1), HL; remember
LD HL, (ADRES2);
DEC HL;
DEC HL; You
LOOP2 LD A, (HL); adjust
CP 1913
JR Z, FOUND1; address lower
PROPSK1 DEC HL; line.
JR LOOP2
FOUND1 DEC HL
LD A, (HL)
CP 1917
JR Z, PROPSK1
INC HL
INC HL
LD (ADRES2), HL
2
Part Two:
Control procedures.
Say there is nothing special.
In recent years, in programs
this kind instead of the keys was
used needle. I will say one thing:
for "mouse" is, perhaps,
convenient, but if the mouse is not, then
just a waste of time. Best
option would be to determine
a mouse, and if it is,
then the control arrow, and if not, then the keys. About
Keys more than say nothing,
talk about managing the arrow. There are two algorithms:
first used in the ZX-POWER:
when pressed the fire, the arrow disappears, then the screen
scrolls, hand printed, and then polled keyboard. But if you
still pressed fire, the printing and erasing arrows wasted.
Hand starts wildly shimmer, and inhibit the scroller.
Another option used in
ZX-FORMAT'e: if you pressed the fire
arrow disappears, the screen scrolls, and then again queried
the fire, and if it is still pressed, without printing arrow
turn on the scrolling, but if
No, the printing direction. Here we
do not waste time on unnecessary
printing / erasing, and it's pretty
quickly.
Ca. Ed. The author leads us to believe
that it is impossible to implement full-screen scrolling, fit
into the trap. But in some cases it is quite perhaps by
reducing the number of bytes sent. Consider two such case.
1. Two top of the screen occupied by
service information (title of the article and
etc.), and the text occupies the remaining 22
line. Between lines of text on
gap in 2 pixel (ie each symbol
height is 6 pixels).
Calculate how many bytes must send the procedure scrolling
shear text on one familiarity up or down.
Should be moved to 21 lines of text,
ie 21 * 32 * 6 = 4032 bytes, plus the attributes:
21 * 32 = 672 bytes. Total 4704 bytes. A fragment program that
performs forwarding 16 byte, looks like this:
LD SP, the source address
POP AF
POP BC
POP DE
POP HL
EXX
EX AF, AF '
POP AF
POP BC
POP DE
POP HL
LD SP, the destination address 16
PUSH HL
PUSH DE
PUSH BC
PUSH AF
EXX
EX AF, AF '
PUSH HL
PUSH DE
PUSH BC
PUSH AF
The length of a fragment of 26 bytes, the performance of 204
bar. Calculate how many ticks leave to perform the procedure
shifts: 4704/16 = 294, 294 * 204 = 59976 cycles, ie
still have enough time to print
appeared above or below the new row
text and on the procedure call playback
music.
How much memory space will occupy
this procedure is the shift? 294 * 26 = 7644 bytes.
But since the shift should be executed and
up and down, double the value. Obtain 15,288 bytes. If there is
128K of memory is convenient to single out any bank (16384
bytes) and placed in its procedures shift.
The disadvantage of this method is
height limitation of text characters - not
more than 6 pixels. This immediately makes it impossible to
output graphics and pseudo-graphic, and font have to edit.
2. Two top of the screen occupied by
service information (title of the article and
etc.), and the text occupies the remaining 22
line. But each line of text takes
the width is not 32 bytes, and 20 (ie in line
fit 20 characters 8x8, or 26 characters
6x8, 4x8, or 40 characters).
Again calculate the amount of bandwidth
byte: 21 * 20 * 8 = 3360, plus the attributes: 21 * 20
= 420 bytes. Total 3780 bytes. Fragment
program to forward 20 bytes, as follows:
LD SP, the source address
POP AF
POP BC
POP DE
POP HL
EXX
EX AF, AF '
POP AF
POP BC
POP DE
POP HL
POP IX
POP IY
LD SP, the destination address 20
PUSH IY
PUSH IX
PUSH HL
PUSH DE
PUSH BC
PUSH AF
EXX
EX AF, AF '
PUSH HL
PUSH DE
PUSH BC
PUSH AF
The length of a fragment of 34 bytes, the performance of 262
bar. To perform the entire procedure will take a shift 3780/20
* 262 = 49,518 cycles, and in memory it will take to 3780/20 *
34 = 6426 bytes (respectively, the two procedures for
shift up and down, will occupy 12,852 bytes).
The advantage of this method - is not limited to the height
of characters, ie can output and graphics, and pseudographics.
You can use, and two top of the screen - time to process them
enough (the shift will take 53,710 cycles). Can be done smooth
per-pixel scrolling (though it will look good only if
all text set the same attributes).
Disadvantage - does not use the right and
the left edge of the screen. While on the other hand,
it may improve readability.
You can increase the line width to 24
bytes (32 characters 6x8, shell-like ZXRevyu) did not greatly
increase the time shift. At the same time will further postpone
21 * 4 * 8 = 672 bytes of graphics and 21 * 4 = 84 bytes
attributes, only 756 bytes. Fragment for
transfer of two bytes is as follows:
LD HL, (source address)
LD (destination address), HL
and takes 6 bytes, and holds up to 32
tact (ie 16 cycles per byte). Then the time of the procedure
will increase by 756 * * 16 = 12,096 cycles and the amount
49,518 12,096 = 61,614 cycles, and memory requirements increase
by 756 / 2 * 6 = 2268 bytes. Overall length two procedures will
be equal to 12 852 +2 * 2268 = 17,388 bytes.
By the way, does not necessarily hold in
memory of both procedures shift - up or
down. You can store only one of them,
For example, suppose that it will shift upward. When the user
presses the button for the shift in the opposite direction -
just change the address in this procedure. And so
at each change of shift direction.
*
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