Educational program - educational program about Hackers based on materials from the weekly magazine "CompuTerra".

                  
(C) Paul Atrides'97                       
                                          
 As  we became aware, among the
qualitySINCLAIR'ists have developed in the roots
misconception about hackers caused by both
ignorance of the subject, and trivial confusion
a summary of concepts and definitions.              
 Too many people in our country
absolutely not wanting to know anything about the reason-
nah hackerism, nor about the worldview of hacker-
ditch, not much else, consider hackers
“freaks”, and they brand them for all they’re worth. But
after all, hacking is a completely unique co-
cial phenomenon caused by the transition of the
humanity into a completely new stage of development
vitiia - the stage of the information society,
where information almost becomes something
tangible, necessary in everyday life and in the sphere of
re production. All this is done by the “moralists”
completely forgotten or deliberately “chosen”
gets out of my head."  And so on continued
cannot and should not huddle.              
 Since we (editorial OBERON)  are also in
a unique phenomenon of its own -core re-
dactions   does not constitute a "creative group -
creative group" (as in all other
magazines), and the "author-hacker group",
and we consider the word "hacker" not a dirty word -
tism, but on the contrary, recognition of merit, then
I took the liberty of doing a small one
an excursion into the “world of hackers”, especially since
as I said earlier, the main purpose is
reading of the heading "LIKBEZ" - this is not published-
introduction of "new, sophisticated programming methods"
mirirovaniya" (which are printed in every
publication, and it doesn’t matter that  the authors are some
which “masterpieces” are still practically unknown
The assembler and in general have a hard time understanding that
such programming), and "intelligible"
stories about any side of computer-
th world, or stories about how it appeared
this and that.                            
 And ma-
materials  of the weekly  "CompuTerra", in
particularly article Igor Moiseenkov"IT"
(November 4, 1996). I used these materials
I drive with abbreviations, because their volume is too
great and they tell everything “from A to Z” with
bringing all dates and events, not the year
word-for-word retelling of "facts from the story"
Bushki Dusi", I, in turn, only
I give the basics, and those who are interested
the problem I considered can be fixed
steal the originals themselves.                      
 Of course, I could retell all this
in your own words and pass it off as your work, but
it would be dishonest and incorrect...     
                                          
... And therefore I’m just quoting the text of the article
and humbly await my fate from its author.  
                                          
                                          
------------------------------------------
(C) Igor Moiseenkov, "IT":             
" Analogous to the English word "hacker"  in
Russian language no. Closest in meaning -
"prankster", that is, a person capable
for drawings (in English -khaki). Moreover
the wittier and more sophisticated the prank, the
more this man is a hacker. And who is the most
generous with jokes? That's right, students.
Young Americans who studied in California
Niysk Institute of Technology at the beginning
sixties,  was understood as a hack or
very  smart, or very eccentric
an action performed using a computer or
without them.                                  
 ....                                     
 The second most important source and co-
An important part of hacking was phreakers. Shi-
Freaking became famous after
le   appearance   in 1972 in the magazine
"Esquire" articles about the successes Captain Crane
cha (Cap'n Crunch) - "the father of freaking." Under
this name was hiding  John T. Draper  -
inventor of the generator, which was modeled
shaft command tones of telephone lines and pos-
willed his creator to call for free. Nowadays, phreaking is understood as various
methods for bypassing switching mechanisms when
changed in telephone networks. .... At first
Freakers brought satisfaction by itself
free call option. Known
case when a London phreaker called
to Hawaii, didn't find anything better than
take an interest in the local weather. However
Over time, the Freakers' experiments became
increasingly contrary to the law, especially
after the advent of telephone credit cards,
points whose numbers became for freakers
item of trade. ....                  
 A similar path was later repeated by ha-
kestiness.  It's just that the phreakers were the first, right?
How the telephone was invented before the computer. ....
  Let's go back a little and talk
about the history of hacking.           
 With a magic wand that turned a thunder-
I smell a mixture of students and freaking in
a genie named hacker became a computer.
For the first time the term "hacking" applied to
activities related to computers,
appeared in the late50s. .... place of birth
the existence of this term is highly likely
ity can be consideredMassachusettsTechno
Logical Institute (MIT), one of the first
having received a large
COMPUTER.  At that time computers were produced
single copies, were very expensive
rogo were huge and slow, and
the prospects for their use seemed very
foggy.  Limited  opportunities
computer and lack of allocated machines -
long time led to the stratification of student
tov on those who were familiar with computers, and those
for whom she remained a thing in the whole
be.  First, following the best student
traditions, began to help the latter, calling
they have sacred awe and respect. Supreme
the expression of gratitude of the latter was
being the first to be awarded an honorary degree in a student's
hacker environment. In this context
hacker meant unorthodox, talented
th programmer.                        
 Among  hackers there are certain
standards and views on relationships with
colleagues. So, for example, it was not considered
ethical to make changes to the program, write
sled by a comrade to bring her closer to
perfection, or learn from moretalented colleague. At the same time, no one is in favor of
cared about his own priority in the invention
shadows of certain original solutions
or techniques ....                          
 These  rules of behavior are embodied in
a kind of code of ethics for a hacker. Co-
dex is more or less statedCtubehcom Le-
see in the book "Hackers", published in 1984.
Here are its main provisions:               
1.  Computers are a tool for the masses. They
should not belong only to the rich and
used only for their benefit.     
2.  Information belongs to everyone. Home
the task is to create and disseminate knowledge
tion, rather than keeping them secret.           
3.  Program code is in the public domain. Ho-
Everyone should use good code, bad code
This code should be fixed. Programs
must not be protected by copyright or
be equipped with copy protection.        
4.  Programming is an art. ....    
5.  A computer is a living organism. 3a computer
It needs care, it needs to be treasured.      
 In his book dedicated to social
problems of cyberspace, journalistsKe-
Ty Hafner andJohn Markoff wrote about the time
Menah of early hacking:                  
 "In the 60s and 70s, being a computer hacker meant
the beginning is about the same as in the Middle Ages
- be included in the knightly order -
den.  The title of hacker was awarded to intellectual
intellectually restless souls striving
improve any computer program
frame until it is no longer possible
can be improved further. This meant
dedication to computers, which is not dedicated to
seemed like fanaticism, but it was
the essence of the hacking of that time."          
 ....                                    
 First of all, hacking is constant
the process of learning about the world around us through
the prism of computer technology, andin
Ideally, it is a process for the sake of the process itself.
  ....                                    
 This is how everything was seen at the dawn, or almost this way
computer revolution.  .... The more offensive
a situation in which hacking (partly due to
his own fault, but to a much greater extent
due to the action of other forces) has now turned out.
  Hacking has evolved along with modern
advancement in computer technology: its
the scale increased in proportion to the area
ty applications of computers. It was more correct
would say that the process of computer in-
industries and the evolution of hacking are closely related
knowledgeable and even interdependent processes.
Very popular among experts is
point of view according to which hackers consider
are hidden if not by the computer engine
progress, then one of the most
its essential components.  Moreover,
many American experts claim
believe that the United States maintains global leadership in
computer technology and software
cookies only thanks to hackers.         
 ....                                    
 It is known that the PC was not the brainchild of IBM,
Sperry or Burroughs. Microprocessors, on
which the first personal computers were founded,
developed for industrial robots,
chassis of airliners, traffic lights, etc. And
it was the hackers who realized that the association
these microprocessors with memory chips
ty forms a computer that can be owned
army at home.                                
 Similarly, it can be shown that
the most important computer ideas - interactive
interface, communication via telephone channels
Lamas,BBS, networks and even Internet -
a product of the imagination and needs of hackers.   
The assertion that
hackers actually participate in testing
computer systems, identifying their weaknesses.
 ....                                     
As computers improve
the prospects for their use became
everything is becoming clearer.  The first importance of computers
understood the military and scientists, representatives
business, and then society as a whole. One
from the expression of this recognition was the appearance
the development of an entire trend in science fiction
tick of that time. .... computers were created
create your own alternative universe and practice
practically lostinterest in humanity
in a number of cases they even tried to destroy it.
A familiar picture, isn't it?          
 And certainly in these stories, tales,
in the novels there were heroes who provided
happy ending.  Usually at the beginning there were some
smugglers selling... information
(mostly stranger): at the end of the book
the hero and his comrades managed to prevent
to create a cataclysm threatening humanity,
interfering with the operation of supermachines and again
subjugating them to people or destroying them. ....     
 Cyber fiction has had a strong influence
for the development of hacking. Impressed by
exciting adventures for young people
wanted to study computers, and the ranks of hackers
began to be replenished with recruits, strangers -
mi with the ethics of hacking. ....Society suddenly
felt a sudden anxiety caused by the
the development of computer technology. Computer
suddenly   turned  into   incomprehensible,
dangerous unit!  Added
anxiety, released in1983th
du film John Badham "Militarygames."
.... In the finale in the best traditions of the genre
a schoolboy saves the world from a nuclear disaster
ugh.                                       
 In this film, the hacker first appeared as
"the person who received the unauthorized if
not illegal, access to computer systems
topics and networks." Over time, this image and
this definition of hacking is rooted in
minds, and moreover, have become basic and not
subject to discussion!                  
 The eighties were not for hackers
the best period. It was at this time
they encountered misunderstandings, unfavorable
with gift and even with fear from the outside
those around you.                               
In the early 80s
attention was attracted by another "computer" phenomenon -
nomen - computer crime. Statistical
The practice of such crimes has been going on since 1958 
yes. .... In 1968 year .... recorded 13
crimes: in 1978 - 85,and in1979year
.... stopped maintaining and publishing
statistics   due to the complexity of determining
reliability of  events number of which
grew quickly.                             
 It is absurd to put an equal sign between
computer crime and hacking.
But that's exactly what was done. Servants
Themis,  faced  with the need
do something about the new type of crime,
without going into the intricacies of new technologies,
posed the question point blank: “Who do we have there?
capable of gaining unauthorized access
to computer systems and due to this
commit crimes? Hackers? So they
It’s all our fault!” A lot of time will pass
me until experts point out that
that obtain unauthorized access and use
using it for criminal purposes is a long shot
not the same thing.                          
 A significant contribution to the creation of a negative environment
times hackers were introduced by the media
formations,  for  which  sensationalism
computer crimes turned out to be "golden"
that residential one."  Catchy headlines, freestyle
interpretation of police reports, abstruse
the reflections of sociologists led to the formation
recognition and approval in the public consciousness
research Institute  new stamp:  hacker is the main thing
the protagonist of all crimes related to
connected with computers.                    
 Inability (or unwillingness) to carefully select
get to the essence of the events taking place
Ralo once with American lawyers
a very bad joke. This story is known
called Great Satellite Jump
ka, became a striking example of how blind
following the established opinion puts se-
serious and respected people in extremely awkward
some position. The essence of what happened is as follows:
now: in July1985the New Jersey prosecutor
announced to the court that he had evidence
bodiesthat a group of local hackers
capable of changing the orbits of space satellites
nicknames His words immediately found their way into the newspapers and
television news from all over the world, and
scientific comments are even accompanied by
were presented with graphs demonstrating exactly how
hackers could control the satellite.         
 [ P.A.  Here I will interrupt the author a little and
I will take the liberty   to prove ab-
the severity of such an accusation in general: neither
one space satellite rotating vok-
Earth's circle CANNOT be moved to another
a bat without a special apparatus - space
who is the tractor, which still has not
created: this is a consequence of the laws of heavenly me-
chaniki - changes in the orbital inclination angle pre-
prevents the gyroscope (spinning top) effect,
Therefore, the devices can more or less freely
change only the altitude of its orbit, but for
this, in turn, requires marching engines
tels that the satellites do not have, they are used
Only low-power engines were installed
rection of the orbit, which periodically “goes astray”
from gravitational disturbances and action
negligible braking force in atmospheric conditions
re, but acting all the time (traces of the atmosphere-
pheras can be traced to a height of almost 2000
km.).  In addition, for remote control
anythe object is necessary
fairly complete knowledge of both the object itself,
and its characteristics, especially if
it concerns spacecraft. But
Let's continue the conversation about hackers.]           
 However, the story turned out to be much simpler.
In fact, one of the federal detectives
I didn’t understand the contents of a number of files on the BBS
and decided that he had uncovered a secret organization,
numbering over 600 people in its ranks
catcher: and the telephone numbers found in the files
numbers belonging to NASA, served as the main
novation to accuse hackers of trying
secret interference in space programs
US frames.  The investigation continued without
how many months, but of course there is evidence
I couldn’t collect it. .... New Jersey Court
.... concluded that the BBS contains
materials that are not much different from the
divided kind of books and magazines for donation
sprouts or fallen into childhood.          
 Unfortunately, with this incident, the attitude of lawyers towards
hackers were not exhausted. ....acceptance into
next, 1986, year of the famous Act
abuse and fraud through
computers.  Thus, American
Themismarked her positions by standing on
whom she intended to talk to
newly-minted scammers, and among them
with hackers.                               
 The case was not long in coming. November 2
1988 an event occurred called
specialists  the largest ever
breaches of American security
Kan systems. .... This one is full of drama
the story still serves as a classic
an example of what could happen if
neglect issues of information security
safety.  .... Specialists who neutralize
corrupted and disassembled the program,
unanimously praised the outstanding craftsmanship
Robert Maurice as a programmer and exceptional
their knowledge of the architecture of the target systems
topics  Do you know where Maurice got the information from?
formation?  Do you think I was joking about
cyber fiction roles?  So, my love
book Maurice, ... was a bestseller 1976 th
yes   -   novel by John Bruner"Shockwave
Rider". The term "computer virus" in
the time the book was written did not yet exist,
and the program in the novel, with the help of which
the hero saved the world, was called "ribbon
worm." So the fairy tale became reality.          
.... During the trial you
it became clear that the virus was conceived and developed
worked as a research work
you, and if it weren’t for the annoying mistake in the mechanics
low reproduction, then what happened would not
happened.  It has been indisputably proven that the accusations
the person being hired had no criminal intentions. Purpose
work was .... finding out the scale of the global
score network structure.                
 [ P.A.  I’ll interrupt the author again. In our
the former USSR also had something similar
tea - connection lost due to operator error
with  automatic interplanetary station
"PHOBOS-1".  But this is a case. Computer
here, as in the above example, only
as if “increased” the significance of human error
and  just that,  and people, as you know,
It's common to make mistakes.]  ....                                    
 The attitude towards hackers has changed - and further
but not for the better. Spring and summer
1990 the USA was engulfed by something similar...
Kerskaya  hysteria: more than
thirty raids   against  computer
users, and after a few months
followed by a second wave of searches and arrests
Comrade  More than 150 federal agents were
sent to New York, Chicago, Los Angeles
forest, Phoenix and a dozen other cities in the country
we need to   eliminate the proposed
criminal organization allegedly engaged in
illegal entry into corporate
mainframe computers, theft of software
nia, .... The reason for the investigation was
la "colossal wave of complaints" from business people
and organizations whose information systems
were attacked. 40 were searched
houses and companies, 273 thousand dis-
ket, 42 microcomputers, not to mention
modems, answering machines, telephones,faxes
and even stereo equipment and soldering irons. Each
during  search, as a rule, was carried out
six armed agents: in one of
such cases, a teenager was injured who
hiding from the rain.                      
 This operation received an affectionate name -
"Sunny bunny". So what? Nothing. It was
Only four suspects were arrested, of which
two of them - for possession of weapons and drugs -
cov. ....                                 
 This is how the zilch turned out, causing
however, there have been a number of speeches in defense of hackers.
Among the speakers were very famous
persons,   for example,  co-founder   Apple
Computers Steve Wozniak and founderLotus
Jim Manzi.  These people knew well what
they say.  Therefore, it is by no means groundless
their fears seemed to be that legislation
and legal initiatives can takeprohibitive nature, capable of stifling
sew cyberspace. ....              
What is modern
hacker? ....                              
 Nevertheless, it can be argued that the hacker
- more a man than a woman: more likely to
younger than someone in adulthood:
more white than black: rather average
wealth than the rich: more often with higher education
calling than without it. Hacker, as usual
lo, apolitical and an atheist, although not
passion for ideas of the left and anarchy is excluded
Hist-type.  In his actions he
strives to adhere to these
ethical norms of hacking and the first commandment
considers the well-known: "Do no harm!" Cro-
Moreover, by his moral duty he
believes in free creation of software
products.... Hacker is usually bad
writes, preferring to enter text first
computer and then print it. A lot
reads, and his interests are not limited
are informed by computer science in all its manifestations
and what’s more, they can surprise you with their diversity
image.                                 
 A hacker does not like to be seen, so
therefore, he is inclined towards anonymity. ....          
 Usually the hacker is friendly
friendly to beginners and always ready to provide
give them any possible help.  However, carefully
carefully ensures that “dangerous” in-
the formation was accessible only to a narrow circle
unconditionally trusted persons. Alas, for this
there are good reasons for it. ....            
 The modern hacker prefers action
go alone.  Numerous groups
teenagers engaged in "experiments"
with computers, before real hacking
they don’t have time to grow up. ....                 
 True, stable groups of us are also known
sinking hackers.  .... and each one, how
usually owns some kind of computer
specialty at a very high professional
at the national level. ....                      
 It is very difficult to detect a hacker,
Because for this you need to be no less
a specialist than himself. ....            
 The current level of technology forces
hackers specialize in individual
directions. .... highlight .... separate
interest groups, for example, "crack-
ditch" (cracker) - special. Bybypassing the machinery
security language: "cruncher" -
special on removal from software
protection  from copying: "crashers"
(crasher) - those who like to experiment
with the system to identify opportunities
managing it.                            
 What are the motives of hackers?
.... A hacker is not very interested in the data
controlled by a computer system. His in-
interested in the system itself, as a complex program
frame-hardware complex ....           
 Why do they need this? Why do people play?
chess? ....                          
 Yes, as a result of hacker penetration
unplanned events may occur -
Tia.  Yes, penetration is a reproach
the developer in the imperfection of the system. But,
if a hacker has penetrated the system, it means
that the day is not far off when the same
you can welcome a real computer -
ny criminal. Is it the hacker's fault?
Was he the one who sold you the unfinished
system? ....                            
 An attempt to blame hackers for
reveals his own sins head on, undesirable
ignorance or inability to understand
who's who in the new reality - ki-
freespace.  Philosophical understanding
of cyberspace, no one has yet really
no.                                  
 ....                                    
 Between different participants "computer-
subculture" there are quite specific
lenient relationships.  For example, hackers
recognize a certain degree of professional
nal training from computer pirates
and authors of computer viruses, but when
This is why both of them are disliked. Pira-
Comrade - for the fact that this type of activity with
hackers' point of view is not very intelligent
alen.  Hackers do not condemn pirates,
since  they  partly  contribute
dissemination of information. ....          
Hackers are associated with the authors of viruses
extremely unpleasant associations, because
the first ones violate almost all principleshacker ethics: the virus deprives the masses of trust
tool: the virus destroys information
tion that belongs to everyone: the virus interferes with its
free exchange of programs, etc.            
 ....                                    
 One of the reasons that prompted me to write
writing this article was my full consent
with words Bob Bickford said in
connection with the international conference "Hacker
4.0": ".... There is a huge injustice
sincerity towards these people and thousands
professionals like them, allowing
individual ambitious teenage criminals
nalam to destroy the united world that embodies them
style  interaction with the universe: ha-
"Kerstvo".                                 
                                          
                                          
 Hacking was born with the computer -
mi. There is every reason to believe that together
With computers, hacking will either die or
reincarnates into what comes to computers
to replace. .... Therefore we can say that
hacking is an indicator of technological
maturity of society .... JosephHyland,re-
daktor   magazine "Computers and security
ity",said once that: "hackers are
being the property of the nation and the national head-
aching pain."                               
                                          
                                          
                                          
 .... ".                                  
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          
------------------------------------------
 Well, that’s actually all I wanted for you
talk about this article. Let me remind you once again,
that read this article like many others
some, for example, Mikhail Genin "Do we need
be afraid?", Brain Suregon "Hackers", you
you can in the weekly "CompuTerra", nap-
example, in issue 43 of November 4, 1996   
 Also  you can  to treat
hacking and these articles, but you can’t help but
recognize an indisputable fact - society in
in general, and lawyers in particular, not only
want to understand the TRUE meaning
computer in human civilization, but
on the contrary, they are afraid of him.  And therefore, all of them
fears unconsciously (or consciously?)
directed against hackers - people, boards
knowledgeable about computers in a way that is sometimes not
the creators themselves know it.                 
 A typical example of this would be
the case of former hackerKevin Paulse-
nomwho served five years - now he is...
they generally decide to come close to everything,
that contains microprocessors. For reference
I can report that microprocessors are in
any modern washing machine, video
tape recorder, television, electronic ca-
catalogue, electronic notebook, email.
translator, microcalculator, ..., one
in a word, it’s easier to say where they are not.        
 From the point of view of normal people, this is
the height of absurdity, but from a pointfrom the point of view of the Law
- “all right.” I'm not even talking about the faith of the court
into omnipotence Paulsen, if only he
with one  with your touch not even to
computer connected to a computer
network,  but only to the microprocessor,
could again harm the country or
productive citizens.                        
 A significant role in all this, as already stated,
it took place, they play like mass media
formations, and some electronic (and
not only) publications. Often this problem
people (and publications) are starting to consider
know absolutely nothing about the computer and
having nothing to do with him. Yes,
for example, inone of the magazines"PENT-
HOUSE" was a long article about hackers.
But what can this magazine know about them? A
After all, many people in the West read this magazine. 
  Or, for example, they brought us in re-
See the article below, which
absolutely clearly and unambiguously proves
what I was just talking about. How do I
said the man who brought it "I gave
read it to all your friendsusers and them
I liked her a lot, and your reasoning
they are not interested in definitions."          
 Well, an article, an article. To the author's credit,
he wrote it not himself, but based on materials from the
traditional newspaper (in other words, it aims to
com and completely written off). Let's get together
let's honor her and you will see how huge
the difference between it and the real facts.  I
not to mention the complete inaccuracy in technical
technical description, or rather, all technical
the descriptions are pure nonsense. What586th
IBM  (maybe there was due to 5x86th or
Pentium  ?), that "server is central
network computer", rather than the standard " source
nickname of any information",which turns out to be
"household" anti-Caller ID, intended for
blocking "household" caller ID, can be blocked
Caller numbers of MGTS (and simply GTS), working
completely on different principles. About completely
the discarded laws of celestial mechanics I
I don’t say it in general. It was with great difficulty that I managed to restrain myself
from the comment of literally every proposal
nia (especially in the “sophisticated” description
"HELP", where almost  all  devices
play the role “for coolness”), but what to do -
The original is always better and more fun to read.