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Deja Vu #04
31 марта 1998 |
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drop of solder - The emulator ZX-SPECTRUM v3.04 - User's Guide.
SoundTrack: MR.Z/LS/98 ZZZZXZZZZ (C) BD!
__________________________________________
(C) Nikolai Shalaev, Moscow, 1995-1997
Emulator of ZX-Spectrum 3.04 (07.12.1997)
*
User's Guide.
Appointment and opportunities.
This program is an emulator
ZX-Spectrum (hereinafter - the "emulator"). Emulated device:
- CPU Z80, including undocumented commands and features -
Memory - 128k; - Music Synthesizer AY-3-8910/12,
including undocumented feature -
digital sound;
- The controller drives based on the VG93;
- The screen that preserves the aspect ratio screen
original ZX-Spectrum;
- Kempston joystick;
- Kempston mouse;
- Built-in Speaker Beeper.
All devices are emulated on the level of
equipment that is not required, no
adaptation of software ZX-Spectrum for it on the emulator.
The emulator does not support direct work with disks
TR-DOS. Program uses for the disk image file
TR-DOS. A disk image file can be created on
on disk using disk utilities,
available in the emulator.
The emulator can be connected
additional modules.
System requirements.
The program requires the following hardware configuration
and system Software:
- Computer compatible with IBM AT 386;
- VGA-compatible sound card;
- At least 2Mb of RAM;
- MS-DOS version 3.00 or higher.
The program is designed to work under
DOS-Extender DOS/4GW (tested with version
1.97).
Propagation conditions.
The program belongs to a class of software FREEWARE. The
author has no nothing against the spread of the
software product, if it is not amended, and if this can not be
ejected commercial benefit.
The program comes in the form of "ASIS",
recognized in the global computer
practice, that is, the author assumes no
responsibility for problems, damage and (or)
lost profits resulting from the use of this software.
Contact author.
E-mail: nshal@usa.net
FidoNet: 2:5020 / 378.40
Supplied.
Standard delivery includes
following files:
SPECTRUM.EXE - directly to the emulator;
SPECTRUM.DOC - User's Manual;
SPECTRUM.DLL - icons on Microsoft
Windows;
SPECTRUM.TRD - disk image software
to configure the emulator.
ADDITION - directory containing all
required for programming
tion of open architecture:
ADDITION.DOC - Programmer's Guide;
BINDLL2ADD.EXE - file converters to
additional modules
emulator;
INCLUDEEMUDATA.H - include file for
Watcom C / C + +;
INCLUDEEMUDATA.INC - include file
for Borland Turbo
Assembler;
EXAMPLES *.* - examples of additional
modules with the original
texts.
Quick installation.
If you start the emulator the first time and
do not want to deal directly with its features and settings,
you can use the following instructions: - Create a directory;
- Copy (unzip) files in the directory standard delivery;
- Rewrite to the same directory of the DOS-EXtender DOS/4GW
(preferably version 1.97), ROM file and disk image file;
- Run the program (file SPECTRUM.EXE);
- The panel dialogue "ROM" install the necessary files;
- If you have not installed the sound card compatible with the
Ad Lib, then click "No card" in the dialogue panel "Sound";
- Now you can run the emulation
("Start" button in the main menu).
Options.
The program can be run as a
options, and without them. Command Line
to run the emulator is as follows:
SPECTRUM [<-option >...] [
...]
Example: SPECTRUM-S DISK.TRD
Before setting may be "-" or "/".
Possible options are:
H - help for options.
S - a quick start the emulator. Run the emulator, bypassing the
main menu. Disc AD - Names disk image files. Files are
connected to the disk drives A, B, C and D, respectively.
There can be 4 discs. File names can contain the path to them.
ROM.
The program requires files
which are copies of original ROM
(These files have the extension "ROM"). For their
installation, the program includes a panel dialogue
"ROM", which you can enter the directory
these files and select the appropriate
files. The program does not attempt to track
incorrect installations ROM, so
You can install instead of 128-th second ROM
48th, etc.
Discs.
The emulator does not support direct work with the disc
TR-DOS. Program uses for the disk image file
TR-DOS (disk image files have the extension "TRD"). To create a
file based on the a real disk, you can use disk utilities,
accessible from the ground menu of the emulator. Using disk
utilities may also restore a disk from
file.
A disk image file with the attribute set "Read Only" is
perceived as a floppy disk emulator is protected from
recording. If you enter a file is missing, the emulator works
with him as Spectrum with an unformatted floppy disk. This file
will established immediately after the formatting of any
track.
Connect the disk image file to the emulator by entering
their names in the command line or by setting them in a panel
dialogue "Configuration". Ibid given directory
with a disk image file. To change the file
disk image during the simulation, use the panel dialogue
"Wheels", which is caused by pressing F5. It can also be
install and remove the attribute "Read Only", set the required
flag in paragraph "The protection of record" for the appropriate
disc. Simultaneously, the emulator can be operated with four
disks attached to virtual drives A, B, C and D.
AY-3-8910/12.
The emulator has support for music
synthesizer AY-3-8910/12. Select audio
card emulation AY and their settings can be in the panel
dialogue "Sound". AY has an undocumented feature -
digital sound which is emulated with Sound Blaster. If you
chose Ad Lib, a digital audio is not supported by the emulator.
If you have chosen Sound Blaster, then you need to set the base
port address of the Sound Blaster. For disable emulation of
digital audio uncheck "Digital audio".
The parameter "Volume" sets
the volume of digital audio and is designed
to change the volume of digital sound
relative to the volume FM-synthesis, which
fixed.
On the parameter of the "envelope" depends on the
resolution of the envelope in time. When set to "x1" level of
the envelope is adjusted with a frequency equal to the value
setting cut-off frequency, at a value of "x2" twice as often,
etc. The higher this value, the more accurately simulates an
envelope generator, but the slower emulator. Some systems do not
establish the importance of this parameter, such as Windows 95
Installation more values "x16" (at 50 setting cut-off
frequency ") offers reboot in emulation mode DOS.
The option "loop waiting Ad Lib" to reduce the number of
cycles waiting Ad Lib and thereby reduce the loss of time
to emulate AY. According to the documentation on the Ad Lib
number of wait should be 36,
but most of the sound card works fine, and when they are fewer.
The value of this parameter to set so that it is minimal and
still maintain performance Ad Lib.
Some features of the emulation AY:
- Frequencies emulated AY at values
0001h-0018h registers R0-R5 does not correspond to the
frequencies of the real AY under the same values of these
registers. - The average frequency of white noise is fixed:
register R6 music synthesizer is not implemented.
- For small periods of the envelope and a small
parameter of the "envelope" may
distortion.
Problems with some sound cards:
Orchid Sound Wave 32. Before running
emulator run: SW32 / F: 3DFM.LD of
toolset sound card, or sound
will be very different from the original
AY. Do not use the Ad Lib Digital
sound.
Ensoniq SoundScape. FM-synthesized
the sound is very far from the original.
Keyboard.
0-9, A-Z 0-9, A-Z
Enter Enter
Shift, Ctrl Caps Shift (CS)
Alt Symbol Shift (SS)
Caps Lock Caps Lock (CS +2)
Tab Ext Mode (CS + SS)
~ Edit (CS +1)
- (White and gray) - (SS + J)
= = (SS + L)
: (SS + Z)
[((SS +8)
]) (SS +9)
;; (SS + O)
'"(SS + P)
,, (SS + N)
. . (SS + M)
/ (White)? (SS + C)
/ (Grey) / (SS + V)
* (Gray) * (SS + B)
+ (Gray) + (SS + K)
Backspace Delete (CS +0)
Page Up True Video (CS +3)
Page Down Inv Video (CS +4)
Gray arrows left (CS +5),
right (CS +8),
down (CS +6) and
up (CS +7)
1.9 enlarged. Kempston joystick
ESC Exit
F1 Help with your keyboard
F2 Reset 48k
F3 Reset 128k
F4 Reset TR-DOS
F5 Disk selection for TR-DOS
and installation / removal
write protect
Joystick.
When you enable the relevant options
(Panel dialogue "The Office") analog
joystick can be used in programs as the ZX-Spectrum Kempston
(Kempston Interface I and II) and (or) how Sinclair (Interface
II, key "6" - "0") sticks. Check availability and joystick
calibration occurs automatically when you start the emulator.
In this currently handle the joystick must be in
central position.
The emulator also has the support of Kempston joystick on
the keyboard (key "1" - "9" extended keyboard).
Mouse.
In the emulator supports a mouse. The interface is selected
in the panel of the dialogue "The Office" with the switch "type
of mouse." There is also the possibility of installing speed of
movement and change of the left and right mouse buttons.
Speed.
The program has several possible
speed settings of work:
- Normal - the rate is close to the speed
original Spectrum'ma (automatic
setting on your computer's performance);
- Maximum - The maximum speed
What is possible only on the computer;
- Fast - speed at 1 / 8 faster
normal;
- Slow - speed at 1 / 8 slower
normal;
- Custom - the speed with
values of the parameters set by the user.
In most cases, you can set the maximum speed: generally, the
faster than the program works, the better. When
These programs are synchronized with the human interrupts will
work as a original ZX-Spectrum (if installed
frequency of human interruptions as the original: 50 Hz). But
in some cases still require the installation of speed, as in
original.
When choosing the normal velocity of proper installation of
speed parameters will be made not on all computers.
If the speed is slightly different from the original, you can
choose an expedited or slower speeds. If the velocity
differs significantly or need more
accurate installation, it is best to use
sampling rate. When you install a selective speed you need to
enter three parameters of which will depend on the speed work -
the main parameter of speed and two setting speed video memory.
To set the basic parameter for
disk image "SPECTRUM.TRD" present
program "SpdMain", by which
You can measure performance. Result
of this program is on the original
Spectrum is: 410 at start of treatment
128k and 592 when running from the regime of 48k (the value may
change with the inclusion of different versions of the ROM,
this test was carried out with standard ROM: 48k and 128k in
1982 1986). The main parameter of the rate needed
set so that the results of
program were as close as possible to
these values. If at zero
main parameter of the results of this program is lower than the
original ZX-Spectrum, then the speed of your computer enough
for the emulator in real time.
To set the memory speed settings you can use the
"SpdScr" from the same disc. On the original
ZX-Spectrum results of this program are the same: 44,852.
Establish the basic rate parameter on the results of this
program is not recommended, as for measuring performance, it
uses a small instruction set, and run-time commands to
original Spectrum and the emulator is not
are always proportional, so the set speed may be different from
the average. In this case, the rate parameters memory needed to
establish such a way that print out the result as soon as
possible more similar results.
Some programs may not work properly, reset or hang out with
big difference from the original speed
(Especially if the emulator is running slowly
original).
As a rule, regardless of the
speed of the emulator, it is desirable to
performance of TR-DOS was maximal
(Even if the program requires
certain speed, while working with
drive demands for speed available).
To do this, check the "Maximum
rate in TR-DOS ".
Open architecture. Modules.
The emulator can be connected
additional modules. These are files containing routines that
will work in the Emulator. Modules can perform various
functions (such as: support for additional devices, support
other file formats, debuggers, change the CPU and devices in
the emulator, additional features ...).
For their connection, use the panel
Dialogue Modules. After connecting module
You can set its configuration
(The button "Configuration" or double-click
mouse).
All you need to create modules
located in a directory ADDITION. In the delivery of a standard
contains an emulator five additional modules:
TIMES - counting processor cycles and
achieving a given number of cycles to switch to standby. If you
have installed option "Ignore interrupt", the abolition of the
interrupt, if not reached the specified number of cycles. LOG -
logical record of the (extended analog of which was in versions
1.XX this emulator). MEMPROFI - support for extended memory
Profi.
MAGIC - Support Button Magic (NMI
TR-DOS).
REFRESH - update the screen. In some
multitasking system on some video cards is incorrect recovery
of non-standard video mode emulator. This module - support hot
key refresh.
Screen. Human interruption.
Video adapter works in a non-
256x192 mode, with a large border, which
on the proportions of the screen close to the screen of the
original ZX-Spectrum.
ZX-Spectrum has an interrupt, which
synchronized with the personnel (HR interrupt). In the
emulator, there are three regime "generation" human interrupt
(Which can be selected by setting the appropriate value for
"Source Interrupt "):
- Interrupts are generated by a timer. In
this mode, interrupts are not synchronized
with personnel. Images appear on the curb
not, as in the original ZX-Spectrum, and
it is also possible the image to flicker and loss of smooth
movement of objects on the screen (Example: sprites in the
games, the letters in the ticker) in programs that are
synchronized with the interrupts. When selecting this mode you
can set the frequency of personnel interruptions in Hz by using
the "cut-off frequency (can take values from 20 Hz to 100 Hz,
the default - 50 Hz, like a real ZX-Spectrum).
- Interrupts are generated by personnel interrupt the video
adapter. In this mode, interrupts are synchronized with the
frames. If you Select this option, you must install the video
adapter interrupt number (optional "IRQ VGA"). Interrupt
frequency depends on frame rate. Note: Not all video cards
support personnel interrupt as well as an interrupt can be
disabled in the BIOS setup of your computer. - Interrupts are
generated when the reverse During the beam in the frame. This
mode differs from the previous one in that it programmatically
monitored by reverse beam across the frame.
In this mode, the emulator is running slowly
than in the other (because of tracking flyback) as well as
wrong is setting the performance. This regime was introduced as
an alternative for those whose video card does not support the
staffing interrupt. It can pass break (during flyback emulator
can, for example, to handle any appeal to the port program
ZX-Spectrum, thereby miss the moment generate interrupts).
The program includes a video modes
frame rate of 50, 55, 60 and 75 Hz.
- 50 Hz. This video mode is close in frequency to the
ZX-Spectrum. This video mode is frequencies that are outside
the range of allowable frequencies of some VGA monitors and
SVGA. These monitors will not "hold" This video mode. Because
of the low frequency regime for high-image displays too much
"twinkles". - 55 Hz. Intermediate regime between 50 and
60 Hz.
- 60 Hz. Video mode is the standard for
IBM frequencies (Video in frequency sweep mode is equivalent to
320x240). This video mode is supported on any monitor VGA. -
75 Hz. Video mode has increased frequencies. Note. Of frequency
setting interrupt rate may depend on implementation of programs
that are synchronized with interrupts: the speed in general,
the reaction rate on the keys, listening to music keyboard,
timer ...
More options.
Features of work.
- The "Time Interrupt" command specifies the number of
processors in during which the active impulse to interrupt
(Can be from 1 to 100,
Default - 1). Option is provided for compatibility with the
original (some can check this value).
- Length of data format "- the number of bytes of data that
takes VG93 when the command "track record" (can be from 1 to
16384, default - 1). Option is provided for compatibility with
the original (some programs may have to check this value). Than
less than this value, the faster the disk formatting in the
emulator. - Switch Mode restart 'influences
on the mode in which the emulator will start after the Start
button the main menu. - If you check "Always ready drive is
included, there are no delays in emulation of floppy drive
controller is not implemented. The next time after the transfer
of the auxiliary controller commands, This team has already
been done, and the following treatment after the transfer of
any other team, the controller is ready to send or receive
data. Virtual drives are always "rotate". In this mode, the
emulator runs faster but compatibility with the original below.
Option is provided for compatibility with the original (some
programs may check this value).
- Checkbox "Reading track number" affects
the first byte of data (track number), which will be read out
at the SH team "Read address". If not checked, then The track
number is always 1. With this value switch does not work for
some programs. If checked, then the team
"Read address" reads the track number on
which is positioned head drive.
In this case, TR-DOS format disks as one-sided.
- When the option "Auto Save
configuration emulator automatically saves the current
configuration. - Some standard formatted
floppy disk can not be copied to a file.
Error when it occurs on the first sector of each track and is
associated with inadequate for IBM AT distance from the track
before the first sector. Program normally works with disks
formatted for IBM special formatter for TR-DOS (for example,
recorded with this same emulator), as well as with drives
formatted more correct formatter for Spectrum. The problem can
be remove and change to a different model drive with a
controller (basically it refers to the drive controller). Can
help the method of partial sealing up holes synchronization on
a floppy disk: seal something opaque about half hole, which is
next to central hole on the diskette so
to a beam that shines through him, was interrupted earlier.
That's enough to read some of the previously unreadable
floppies.
Thanks.
Special thanks to: Alexis Yemelyanov (AvE), Andrew
Zamesovu, Sergei Jurin, Alexander Miklyaeva, as well as all
those who expressed their wishes and comments.
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