Parallel Worlds - The history of central processors and Windows.

<b>Parallel Worlds</b> - The history of central processors and Windows.

     PC platform is the most popular now
But how well you know her story? Even if you (like me) are 
having to It is not the most friendly feelings, you do not

good to know the most important moments of her
development. Dannya article was prepared by me
PC based on the press and is a short
overview of the evolution of the main sostavlvyuschih PC -
OS Windows and CPU.

     All this is necessary to know at
least in order to more fully represent the picture of 
persoonalnyh computers in general. 


               History of Windows

October 1981 - there was MS-dos.

March 1983 - MS-dos 2.0 with new opportunities
     particular - support for HD, installs
     emye drivers.

     Already in January this year, Apple vypus
     follows LISA - the first computer with the boundary
     crystallographic interface. The first Macs

     appeared a year later.

November 10, 1983 - Microsoft announces pa
     paper over Windows.

November 20, 1985 - goes Windows 1.0.

     Support the work of several programs

     switching between them. Windows yes
     the same can not overlap each other.

     Many limitations and shortcomings.

April 1987 - Microsoft announces vypus
     Ke OS / 2.

December 9, 1987 - Windows 2.0 - some

     new opportunities, in particular admissible
     admits overlapping windows.

May 22, 1990 - Windows 3.0 - includes new

     opportunities, but has become unstable,

     to glitches.

April 6, 1992 - Windows 3.1 - a more reliable
     on what version 3.0.

May 24, 1993 - Windows NT.

November 8, 1993 - Windows 3.11.

March 1994 - Linux 1.0.

August 24, 1995 - Windows 95.

July 31, 1996 - Windows NT 4.0.

June 25, 1998 - Windows 98.


     In early 1999, the planned output
Windows NT 5.0 (Windows 2000), but
now known that the output of the system moved to the end of 
1999 or early 2000. It must be noted that originally had Win NT

not that of Microsoft's product and was developed by firms, 
which later bought the Microsoft. 

     Inside Win NT is completely different
from the original versions of Windows, is more stable and 
well-organized. Greatest the lack of versions including a 4.0

incompatibility with many programs napisannmi under dos, since 
traded to the hardware directly. The NT does not work the vast 
majority of games and old programs. But the main advantage of 
the new Version 5.0 will be compatible with the data

programs.



     History of CPUs

        used in PC machines.

1969 - Appears first processor for one
     dimensional crystals - 4004. Its authors -

     Ted Hoff (Ted Hoff), Stanley Meyzor

     (Stanly Masor), Federico Fedzhin (Fe
     derico Faggin). The processor contains

     45 instructions, 4-bit bus

     data and 12-bit address bus.

     Frequency - 108 KHz, producer
     sequence - 0,06 MIPS. Initially, about
     core processor designed for use
     tion into the calculator.

1972 - It turns out the processor 8008. Vosmiraz
     row data bus and shesnadtsatiraz
     row address bus. Appears under
     support interrupts.

1974 - CPU 8080. Contains a section
     nye address bus and data. Works

     at 2 MHz, 0,64 MIPS.

1978 - 8086. Contains 29 thousand transistors
     ditch, 16-bit data bus,

     20-bit address bus. When on
     relics of a special segment Regis
     spectrum appears vosmozhnost address

     up to 1 MB of memory. The frequency of 5 - 10 MHz


     8088 - A simplified version of the processor

     8086, with a stripped-down front-side bus data
     GOVERNMENTAL up to 8 bits (bits).

1981 - IBM has vypyskaet first PC with

     8088 and 8086.

1982 - The first series processors 86 - 80286.

     16-bit, 24 bit

     address, 12 MHz, 2.66 MIPS. Is showing
     Xia protected mode virtual hell
     rez, who can address

     16 MB of physical RAM and 1 GB of virtual
     sexual and helps to realize a lot of
     posers.

1985 - Full 32-bit 80386.

     Contains 275 thousand transistors work
     melts at a frequency of up to 39 MHz, 11.4 MIPS,

     4 GB of addressable memory, 64 terabytes of virtual
     exponentially.

1989 - Intel486 - 1.2 million transistors,

     up to 50 MHz, the basic model - 20 MIPS,

     overclocked to 120 MHz, using

     the concept of RISC architecture (but not

     RISC architecture itself entirely).

1993 - Pentium. The first processors were with

     frequency of 60 MHz, 100 MIPS. 32 times
     row architecture, the memory bus (hell
     rez) - 64-bit, 3.1 million transistors
     moat. Performed two independent integral
     constructions per cycle. Two separate kOe
     Sha - for address and data. Max. h
     Total - 200 MHz.

1995 - Pentium pro - the cache memory of the second

     level up to 1 MB on a single chip.

     Viewing up to 20 instructions

     ahead and execute them as a function
     Tu from their willingness, almost two

     improve performance, but a hundred
     imost processor was very high.

1997 - Pentium MMX - Improvements

     to increase the speed of execution

     multimedia applications.

         Were involved in the register FP

     (For floating point)

     for new teams to MMX. New as Regis
     The spectra were not introduced to preserve the

     compatibility with older software

     provision of the operating system
     mi supports multiple

     programs. New teams, and their 57 pieces
     Criminal Code to allow a more efficient work
     a thief with graphics, grupiruyut 16-bit

     data in 64 bit, help the creation
     vat quick mask.

1997 (May) - Pentium II has connected to the CE
     Be a concept Pentium pro and MMX. Sauder
     contains 7.5 million transistors, runs

     at a frequency of 233-450 MHz.


     Not so long ago (in the spring of 1999.) Intel

     released the next processor series

     Pentium - Pentium III. In essence, this

     Only the further development of principles

     laid down in the MMX. There were new to
     Mande, new registers. But for them

     require the appropriate software

     software. Not optimized as

     spetsialzno a Pentium III soft will

     work at the same rate as in

     Pentium II with the same clock often
     one.



     In 2000, the expected emergence of new
     of the processor - Merced, which will be

     built on a fully 64-bit

     architecture. At least Opera
     tional system should be the totally
     Tew reworked to support new
     th processor.


     In addition to processors from Intel rather raspostraneny 
CPU from AMD and Cyrix. The first well developed for its K6-2 
processor a set of additional commands - 3Dnow!, Similar to the 
team MMX. Intel is also releasing version Outlet 
PentiumCeleron. 

     History of the development of processors for PC
is not as rosy as it may seem at first glance. All the new 
processors are forced to bear the burden of compatibility with 
previous models, so as productivity gains from them are not so

swift to allow emulate
previous models of software. Latest
models of processors from Intel are not compatible with older 
motherboards and require replacement. Processor Merced, hope 
and dream for all fans of PC, can deliver a lot of trouble to 
all producers soft'a, so the firm Intel has finally decided

koordinalno rework the structure of the processor. Technologies 
such as MMX accelerated work only new programs written

specifically for them and using new
team.

     Well, we live in a very interesting
period, and not much time left before 2000, when much of the 
current situation can change and anyone knows what kind of 
direction ... Not logged in Did dinosaurs of our age to a 
standstill? ...