History - Hackers - art "it" - about the history of the emergence of hacking. p.2


                   IT.



  Igor Moiseenko
 article is reprinted
 with the reduction of
 Journal Computerra "
 No # 43 (170)


 Music by Shov



      Ending (beginning in room # 1)



   As you can see, the history of hacking is full of unexpected 
twists and highlights. That also represents the modern hacker?

Numerous foreign publications, full of spectacular stories 
about hackers, do not give complete picture of this phenomenon. 
Moreover, they serve as the main source of evidence captured 
computer criminals (note, not hackers!); certificate 
authorities, caught these criminals; at best - the views of 
experts on computer security. The inner

world and the activities of hackers remain unknown.
 Nevertheless, one can argue that a hacker
- It is more men than women, but rather
young than those in adulthood
(Although hacking tricks of all ages
submissive), but rather white than black, but rather
middle-income than the rich, often with
higher education (well, maybe incomplete) than without it. 
Hacker, as a rule apolitical and is an atheist, although not

possible passion and ideas of the left-wing anarchist. In his 
actions he seek to maximize follow ethical hacking and first 
commandment says well-known: "Do no harm!" Except

of their moral duties, he believes the creation of free 
software, and cooperate fully to contribute to access to less 
sophisticated users information and various computer resources. 
Hacker, usually poorly wrote, preferring the first to enter 
text into a computer and then print it. He reads a lot, and his 
interests are not limited to computer science in all its 
manifestations and, moreover, may surprise with its diversity.  
Hacker does not like provided on the form, so inclined to 
anonymity. Goes to relationship is most often through modem

connection. Prefers to communicate with his
similar to a Specialized BBS. This BBS is usually carefully 
camouflaged, are relatively small in size, because through them 
is exchanged general information, opinions, news, and

do not steal software. Also published various
e-newsletters.
 Usually, the hacker set up a friendly against the newcomers 
and are always ready to assist them possible assistance. 
However, carefully monitored to ensure that "dangerous" 
information was available only to a narrow range of clearly

trusted men. Alas, on this he has
good reason. Firstly, it is worth bryaknut
anything about the found loopholes in the system begin to break 
all and sundry. Accordingly, the probability of detecting 
unusual activity, and as Consequently, increasing the 
probability of "fixing" obnaruzhennnogo "back door". Secondly,

despite the apparent corporate, hackers in their competition 
with each other. I would not be surprised if some of them draw 
on their displays an asterisk by the number of "development" 
systems, which indicates the degree of "slope" hacker. Third, 
these times are not too favorable to the attackers and rather 
rigidly taught them to be careful: the hacker

BBS frequent stories about hackers, who
after the arrest quickly "passed" the investigation
Not only they knew of colleagues, but also "special" secrets.
 The modern hacker prefers to act alone. Numerous groups
adolescents engaged in an "experiment"
with computers, so far hacking
do not have time to grow. They either fall apart,
only lasted a year or two, or fall into
sphere of interests of the competent authorities.
 True, the known and stable group of these hackers. These 
groups consist of fully trust each other individuals, each of 
the participants, usually owns a computer specialties at a very 
high professional level: some provide dial-up connection, while 
others - find weaknesses in computer systems, and others - to 
identify files with identifying information (names, passwords, 
privileges, etc.), the fourth - decryption closed system and 
user files. All participants groups certainly have the 
qualifications, sufficient to avoid damage and

not disclose the results of his colleagues.

   Detect hacker is very difficult because it needs to be not 
less expert than himself. Therefore, often in the hunt for 
hackers detectives look for help from people who previously did 
the same. For example, it is believed that without the help of 
a former hacker and now one of the leading experts Sun, Tutsomo

Shimomura FBI is hardly able to catch Kevin Mitnick.
 By the way, Mitnick, perhaps the last of the
tribe, "universal" hackers who
equally brilliantly solve diverse problems. The modern level of 
technology forcing hackers to specialize in certain areas. Such 
specialization makes it possible to allocate the total mass

hackers separate "interest groups"
for example, "crackers" (cracker) - Specialists in 
circumvention of security mechanisms; "Cruncher" (cruncher) - 
experts removal from protection software

copy, "kresherov" (crasher) - fans are actively experimenting 
with computer system in order to clarify

capacity management.
 What are the motives of the hackers?
Almost everyone who was seriously engaged in
the problem of hacking, note their lack of interest in the 
application of any damage, and disclosure of privacy and the 
more sensitive information. Hacker little draws on data 
processed by computer system. He is interested in itself system 
as a complex hardware-software complex ways to break into the 
system, investigation of its internal mechanisms and

opportunity management, and use this system to access
other systems. As they say - go ahead and
up!
 Why should they? And why do people hundreds of years
play chess? Modern computers
submitted hakeramchrezvychayno clever and
complex mechanism, throwing an intellectual challenge someone 
not to answer that the true investigator in the state. In 
addition, the process of penetration in and study architecture 
operating system and applications provides a much more 
satisfying than reading the protected data files. 

   Yes, as a result of interference by hackers
unplanned events can occur. Yes, hackers is a rebuke to the 
developer in the imperfection of the system. But if a hacker 
penetrated the system, it means that is not far off the day 
when such Similarly, you can complain to a real computer 
criminal. Hacker Do blame? Is he sold you the unfinished 
system? Had he refused to the use of built-in mechanisms

security? Is he unable or too lazy to properly system
configure and make it support? ..

   Trying to assign blame for hackers
own sins with betrays an unwillingness or inability to 
understand that who is who in the new reality - in cyberspace. 
Philosophical conceptualization of cyberspace no one has been 
heavily involved. Start with at least clarify the question of 
what it is - virtual reality or real "virtual"? If anyone 
doubts the reality of cyberspace, let him wear a helmet VFX and 
play at least the same Doom. Moreover, if at the expense of 
some manipulation of the non-existent space can be affected 
events in the real world, whether so "Virtual" world created by 
man using computer technology? Pretty virtuality, if for a 
different kind of manipulation it can get real time! 

   Humanity, discovering new
space, and immediately suffered back all
its contradictions. Therefore we should not all
what is happening in cyberspace, attributed only to hackers, 
because there are already cyberpunk and cyber criminals, and 
kiberbankiry and kiberpolitsiya and kiberpiraty. Few left until 
kibersoldat and kiberterroristov. A characteristic feature of 
cyberspace is the complete absence laws, since there are no 
mechanisms for implementation of any rules that seem very many 
representatives of the government explicitly omission. 

   Between the various participants' computer subculture "there 
are well-defined relationship. For example, hackers recognize 
some degree of training in computer pirates and the authors of 
computer viruses, but This dislike, and of those, and others. 
Pirates - a fact that this sort of activity with point of view 
of hackers are not too intelligent. Hackers do not condemn the 
pirates, because they partly contribute to the dissemination of 
information. However, tend to avoid pirate BBS, partly because 
these BBS contain almost no useful information to hackers and 
partly because conviction that the pirates overload the 
communication channels in the pursuit of new games.  From the 
authors of viruses are associated with hackers extremely 
unpleasant associations, as first to break almost all the 
principles of hacker ethic: the virus deprives the masses 
reliable instrument, the virus destroys the information 
belonging to all, the virus interferes with the free exchange 
of programs, etc. 

   Alas, today, without any exaggeration
we can assume that the motto of the overwhelming
Most administrators of electronic
processing systems and transfer the figures persistent
conviction of the majority of mankind,
Specifically, lawyers, and a popular stereotype of the media is
bloodthirsty: "good hacker - hacker dead!"
 Apart from the vigilantes are experts in the field of 
information security. They somehow know exactly what

contrary to the myth, assiduously cultivated
media, the main security threat
computers are not hackers, and
people who by virtue of their official duties, work with 
computers every day, plus millions "neprodvinutyh users with 
powerful communication and computing technique. Statistics show 
that for every vile hacker there is one

angry worker and eight negligent, and
all they can produce the destruction from within. Here is the 
opinion of Robert Courtney, a consultant on security in IBM:  
"The number one problem now and will always be errors and 
omission. Following are crimes of internal employees, 
especially non-technical staff of three types: single women 
under the age of 35, "small old ladies "at the age of 50 who 
wish to receive the money as alms, and older men, found that 
career left them unsatisfied. Further natural disasters. 
Sabotaging dishonest employees. Inundation of fluids. As 
hackers and other outsiders, penetrating from outside, then 
together they draw less than three percent. "


   My excursion into the history and present
Hacking would be manifestly incomplete without an attempt to
consideration of this phenomenon from the standpoint of current 
Russian realities and perspectives. 

   First of all, in the history of the world of hacking is a 
series of events directly related to our country. For example, 
1 April 1984 on Usenet was a message from General Secretary 
Konstantin Chernenko, sent from a host kremvax. It later 
emerged that the node did not exist, but the message was

April fools pranks of a Peter
Bitrema. Subsequently, our compatriot
Vadim Antonov actually created node
kremvax, who in August 1991 became
e-center anti-Communist
resistance.
 In general, what good can you expect from
the country, gave birth to besmertnoe inference
of cybernetics as a sales girl of imperialism? It seems to be a 
little bit. And here is wrong! In our country, created just 
greenhouse conditions for hacking. For example, a hacker due to 
the peculiarities of their activities are usually deprived of 
the opportunity to work with documentation. And in Russia 
boobsche rarely see proprietary documentation. Therefore, our

users master the import program, mostly by reading articles in 
magazines or guide "for dummies", but most of all -

an educated bet. But they too know
our "lefty" about computers and programs
is that the guys from Microsoft Product Support Services and
dreamed of. And do not Have you ever
establish the "left" product, because
"Native" install or setup completely unwilling to work after 
the intervention of a well-wishers, armed FDA 6.0? And you have 
not tried to run past squeaks "Id Software "on a machine with 
twice the RAM less than the specified minimum requirements? And 
let him who faced something like that, and also studied 
technical English for system messages DOS, first throw a stone 
at me in response to assertion that there is nothing more than 
gambling and amazing than the taming of the programs!  So we 
have the hackers, there is! The full reason, in my opinion, can 
be called a hacker author unsurpassed "Tetris." Lozinski, 
Kaspersky and other distinguished, but lesser-known fighters 
with a viral plague, too, are hackers in the truest, original 
sense of the word (yes More and hackers with a capital 
letter!). And figure with his big hit of all time - also a 
hacker. And have fun with the masses all "Lexicon" - too.


   But this is one side of the coin. Frankly, on the reverse 
side does not want to watch. Because of that, officially, side 
etched all the worst features of the hacker world history. And 
do not bode they are a restless tribe any good.

Writes, for example, Journal of Protection
information, "St. Petersburg Association" Confident ": Hackers 
[Hacker] - a user who is trying to make changes to the 
software, often without having to this law. Hacker can be 
called a programmer who creates more or less useful utility 
programs, usually poorly documented and sometimes cause 
unwanted side effects. " Well, with this statement, reluctantly,

yet we can agree.
 And the head of one of the units
FAPSI very "competent" said
"... Experts are four main
groups of offenders in cyberspace. The first group - the 
so-called hackers, that is, users of information systems 
involved in the search ILLEGAL ways to gain access to protected

data. They represent the largest group, usually consisting of 
programmers, who have generally intolerant striving to overcome 
the defense of any system. In the future, this group of 
offenders will be leading in numbers. "  Greetings to you, 
Russian hackers! Heard Is You handcuffs jingling in these 
embossed phrases? Of course, there is something joyful in the 
fact that we are so scrupulously follow for global way, but why 
on already known to rake attack?


   One of the reasons I write this article, it became my full 
consent with the words of Bob Bickford, spoken in

the International Conference "Hacker
4.0: "Our company is comprised of several
Presidents of companies, various artists
writers, engineers and programmers. All
These people consider themselves hackers and all received great 
pleasure from their work, from finding ways to bypass the 
problems and limitations of creation and not destruction. There 
is a great injustice against these people and thousands of 
professionals, like them, allowing individual ambitious teenage 
criminals to destroy one world, embodying their style of 
interaction with the universe: computer hacking. " 

   Hacking was born with computers. There is every reason to 
believe that together computer-hacking or dies, or

reincarnate in the fact that computers will
replaced. Hacking - the childhood of any computer professional, 
its computer Romance. As they grow older hackers do not

disappear, they just find a problem worthy of their talents. 
Therefore we can say that computer hacking - a measure of 
technological maturity of the society, the ability of this 
society to cope with modern problems. Joseph Highland, editor 
of Computers and Security, "said as something that "computer 
hackers are property of the nation and the national head-

pain.

   Despite periodic forecasts of imminent end of the hacking, 
there is no reason to believe that curiosity, pushing people to 
commit such actions, suddenly disappear. There will always be 
bright personalities, who like a sense of power, allowing them 
to play with the big machines and make these vehicles behave 
unpredictably for the uninitiated, being completely controlled. 
 But the further isolation of hackers - this is a real 
perespektiva. First of all, hardly Does anyone like the 
prospect of encounter with the criminal law.

Secondly, hackers are becoming increasingly aware that
most dangerous to them - the media. So, we can assume that 
hackers will try to avoid both the first and second. Especially 
because to date, hackers have not only

sought to publicize their activities,
but preferred not even to call themselves
hackers. The explanation lies in the fact that
Hackers consider themselves (and deservedly!) elite
of programming community, and screaming
everywhere on its own elitism may
only idiots.

   So what I have long been defined with its
relation to hacking. And you?

   P. S. And, actually, what it is all snapped up by computer 
hackers? One of the extended interpretation of the word admits 
the existence of hackers in any area scientific and practical 
activities, as a hacker means extraordinary thinking and acting 
professional, fan his case. So it is quite possible there are 
hackers, astronomers, chemists, hackers, hackers-physics, etc. 
And all of you - computers, computers ... 

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