Echo #02
30 ноября 1996 |
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Amiga - Description of the AMIGA 500/2000 - Amiga from within: a keyboard, drives, I / O Connectors. What else can you connect?
DESCRIPTION OF THE AMIGA 500/2000. The heart of the computer is a 16-bit Motorola 68000 processor with operating frequency of 7.2 MHz. The processor has a memory of RAM (memory) 512K and supervises the work of four specialized BIS: GARY, PAULA, FAT AGNUS, DENISE. FAT AGNUS (fatty Agnus), so named because it is a chip with 84-pin in a square enclosure. It controls 25 channels of data, including disk operations and sound, while minimizing interference with the CPU. Except It can also easily transfer blocks data in memory without CPU that allows rapid formation of image. DENISE responsible for the schedule. It generates images with different resolution - from 320 x 200 points up to 640 x 400 pixels, has 4,096 hues, controls 8 sprites and displays the text on the screen, summarized in 60 or 80 columns. Number of colors on the screen is only limited possibilities of RAM. usually 32 (5 bits / pixel) at resolution of 320 x 200, 16 or 4 at 640 x 200 and 2 for the resolution of 640 x 400 pixels. PAULA controls the sound. She has 4 votes with a range of nine octaves each, configured in 2 channel stereo. It uses the amplitude and frequency modulation. This allows the Amiga computer to imitate any sound - from the noise of the car Ferrari, before the vote, Sabrina. In addition, PAULA controls the drive and I / O ports. GARRY performs less noticeable function - to control the data bus, organizes the data for the central processor and control some functions of the drive. With the outside world Amiga computer connects the interface CENTRONIX, RS-232, a monitor, keyboard and mouse. Amiga can be connected to virtually any monitor. Recommended branded monitors 1082, 1084. Model 1084 - is more versatile - it has inputs TTL RGB (digital) and analog RGG, and Composite Video for the Commodore-64 or the VCR. The latest model 1084S - stereo. The layout of the keyboard like a keyboard, IBM AT, in her 95 keys (depending on the scheme) and the keyboard works flawlessly. It has a handy profile. However, the mechanics of AT keyboard is more convenient to work with. For Amiga computers is available many additional peripheral devices: an additional drive to floppy disks 5.25 "(inch) or 3.5" (inch), hard drive, color printer, modem, real-time clock with an additional memory, RAM, and battery-powered, MIDI, transducers of sound and image, and as CD-ROM (A570), allowing use as a music and discs Amiga and IBM. The action of the converter Image is of special interest as the Amiga can work with pictures from a VCR or camcorder real-time. Includes PC Computer Amiga, there are three floppies: "Workbench", "Amiga Extras", "The Very First". "The Very First "- a proprietary demo (Training) program for "only just beginning." The program demonstrates the rules work with a floppy drive, floppy and mouse. "Workbench" - a system diskette. It is a set of signs for the chip PAULA, data on the system configuration and programs that make it installation program to service a modem and more than a dozen popular (driver on the computer jargon), clock, calculator, notepad, program for editing icons, synthesizer speech, and also for those who do not like the icons and mouse - CLI (Command line interface), allows you to interact with a computer in the traditional way, then is using the keyboard. Watches - usually analog or, if switching, digital, very satisfied interesting. The very image of the dial arrows made in the form of vectors. Can arbitrarily change the window size, while face fills the screen. An interesting feature clock - wake up -, it is processed only once, and it's easy mask, closing or hiding a window with hours. Alarm should record the last data is processed and finally to Stop the program. This is the most effective way to tear a man from your computer! The calculator has all the usual features, and notebook - this is rather a program to print beautiful texts than indeed notebook. It offers more than a dozen fonts with different matrices (From 8x8 to 20x20 pixels). Each font can be in italic, underline, or bold, to the same fonts can be derived to the printer. The very process of starting the program lasts about a minute, and the program requires a certain amount of memory. Program for editing icons allows you to design your character, but it takes a long time, since there is no graphics functions, such as drawing lines, circles, and the like. CLI except the duplication of functions, achievable by operating icons, such as formatting a disk, change of name, copy the file gives access to other application procedures. First of all, it's "Disk Doctor" - program "repair" floppy disk, allowing edit the file starting sequence of commands (startup - seqence), which performs computer after downloading DOS. The third disk - "Amiga Extras" Amiga Basic and contains several application programs. Amiga Basic is not something unusual, despite the fact that there is a lot of the maintenance functions of graphics and sound, including a speech synthesizer. However, the editor, that is, the part which runs a regular user, does not work very quickly and does not provide comfort of use. BASIC itself is very different from the standard for smaller computers, such as Atari 800 XL toward the expansion of functions. The program allows for structural programming, it does not need numbering lines. It can define your own procedures and so on. Under "Tools" (instrument) - more interesting things. There are: MICRO EMACE - full-screen editor lines; FED - editor of signs; KEY TOY - tip location of the keys (it is useful in the case when we redefined the keyboard, such as a keyboard Dvoraka and want to return to the normal configuration); PRINT FILES - Print program file; IKON MERGE - a program combining two images so that the choice of the tool instead of outputting selected image is displayed another image (you can get the effect "Pushing a drawer"). Program MORE - Displays the contents of any file; FREE MAP - the amount of free space of RAM, a PM with a funny picture bunny demonstrates one of interesneshih capabilities of the operating system - running multiple programs simultaneously (Multitaksing). This program shows a graph Employment RAM and processor power of employment over time. Only this chart shows how life is good chip Motorola on a computer Amiga. Running while the music program (Sound studio), a program of partition DEMOS, watches, PM will not be able to load the processor so that it operates at full capacity more than a second. My experiences have ended hang the processor, not enough memory. Amiga 500 belongs to a class of home computers. This means that you can use it to write texts, send the data to play with the transformation of sound or image. And if you want to hunt and for harmful space aliens. AMIGA INSIDE DENISE ******** The main function of this scheme is to generate a graphical signal. Part of this work previously carried out a scheme AGNUS, which takes the image data and sends them to DENISE in parallel code. DENISE converts these data to the serial image signal. This also applies to graphics "hell". In addition, properly defined priorities graphic details (such as "devils" may be under the plan and the first graphic on the second), and the priority of colors (eg, mode, HAM, ie 4,096 shades of color simultaneously, or in the Extra Half-Brite, which you can get a 64 color from the basic palette 32 colors). DENISE also detects mismatch "Little animals" and the background and the "little animals" among themselves. This chip vyponyaet another function is not associated with the graphics - keeps track of movement of the mouse and joystick. WARNING! JOYSTICK not be connected to a computer works. This can damage DENISE. DENISE digital inputs are protected some extent, but the owners Commodore-64 can you enlighten than ends switch joystick while the computer. PAULA ********* PAULA is the second major computer chip Amiga. It serves All transactions relating to disk drives, serial RS-232, music and analog inputs. In addition, PAULA controls all interrupts. Now about the sound capabilities PC Amiga. It has 4 independent 8-bit analog-digital converters that operate in the stereo. That is a simplified version of the CD player. The sound in the computer Amiga is not generated as the Atari ST, or Commodore 64, and is written in the form of figures -128 to +127. Negative values numbers correspond to the proportional retraction cone loudspeaker, and positive values - his expulsion from the magnet gap. This makes it possible reproduce any sound, as in the presence of a channel DMA. This means that programmer enters in the register early audio data (samples) and frequency of play. That's enough, for example, Playing the first Beethoven's Fifth Symphony. Unfortunately, to play the entire symphony to a few tens or even hundreds of megabytes of memory, especially when important for you to sound quality. The main system (A500 with 512 kB CHIP-RAM), after the introduction of a good program for audio processing, is about 270 kB of free memory. This is sufficient to record works of lasting 13 seconds with good audio quality (bandwidth to 20 kHz) and 27 seconds at an average (band frequencies to 10 kHz). When a telephone communication bandwidth of up to 8 kHz, received 33 second, but a fan of Beethoven's best If hate computer for profanity classics. CHIPS CIA (8520) ********************** IC CIA (Complex Interface Adapter) is called the CIA-A and the CIA-B, is slightly modified versions of IC 6526, which is equipped with Commodore-64. They have 2 programmruemyh 8-bit Parallel I / O ports, 2 16-bit time counter, bi-directional timer generates an interrupt when zeroing. CIA - multifunction circuit. Possible, for example, calling certain routines with a periodicity just 3 milliseconds. KEYBOARD ************ The most noticeable I / O device is the keyboard. She has a microprocessor, and its attendant generates the appropriate codes. The keyboard is made using a conductive rubber, which provides sufficient strength, although the use of reed reliability would be higher. The keys need in the constant care and cleaning. DRIVE *********** Amiga equipped with a 3.5 "drive (Inches). Floppy disk of this diameter are quite reliable and have good capacity. Disc formatted on a computer Amiga has 850 kB of free space, while the absence of reserve space for system files we get 900 kB recording files. Drive controller, located on-chip PAULA very versatile: it can read a lot of data formats, used in other computers, including IBM, ATARI ST, MACINTOSH - and for the latter is used adjustable rate rotation of the disk! By the Amiga computer, you can connect up to four drives, but it should be remember that the power supply is not designed to the use of such options. This limitation can be eliminated by using self- power supply of the kits service equipment for this type of computer. In practice, enough external drive 5.25 "(inches), in addition, it significantly less than 3.5 "(inches). Amiga 500 and Amiga 2000 are designed so that that you can connect two drives a 3.5 "drive and one 5.25", the latter can be used for diskettes in the format IBM, if the computer man up the appropriate cartridge with a hardware emulator, available at sale. I / O Connectors ********************** From left to right connectors: - Port 0 - mouse, a second joystick, an analog input; - Port 1 - the first joystick, analog input; - Sound - right channel; - The sound - the left channel; - Connector for optional disk drives (up to three units); - Serial port RS 232C: Modem Interface MIDI, network; - Parallel Centronix: printer, sampler; - Video output - RGB: monitor, Modulator TV signal; - Video output for black and white monitor. The right to housing is still a system connector, which displays all important signals. Amiga 2000 has apart This series of sockets that are intended to connecting various boards, similar to how it was done at IBM. What else can you connected? *************************** Service kit for your computer Amiga have a variety of interfaces, expansion cards of which should be noted: - Hard disk; - Interface MIDI; - Board math coprocessor, speeding up the computer; - Hardware emulator IBM XT / AT; - Sampler; - Genlock - a device to connect Amiga professional equipment TV with the ability to mix and manipulate images.
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