Iron - Manufacturer: KAY - turbirovanie Spectrum - Machines

<b>Iron</b> - Manufacturer: KAY - turbirovanie Spectrum - Machines
Turbirovanie Spectrum - machines.



   Purpose: To eliminate ignorance.



(C) Nemo
________________________________



   "... This tendency can
apparent in various forms and with
different power - depending on the
how enlightened and
curbed this sultry lust for human self-abasement, rises from 
the subconscious and dark depths ... "


   Fr. GV Florovsky, "Vi
   zantiyskie fathers V-VIII "from the

   Readings in the orthodox God
   slovskom Institute in Paris.

   Paris, 1993, p. 35.


   Tool: Magic words.


   "... The Word became confused and dvoilis and drags the idea 
- words have their own magic and

power ... "

   Ibid, p.7.


   "... It is important not so much
individual words and sayings, - the most typical style and the 
internal tendencies of thought ... " 

   Ibid, p.9.


   Rights: Reprint and citation are permitted only in author's 
edition, with reference to firm (s) Nemo.


        _______________


         Terminology.


   The first step is to determine
range of related concepts necessary for an unambiguous, without 
confusion, the perception of the sequel. 

   Def. 1: The computational power of PCs - integrated
(Complex) test, ascertaining the practical speed
(Productivity) of the user on this PC.

   This notion is convenient to consider the example of a PC 
IBM, having the most advanced, flexible and a variety of 
configurations, so as computing power depends primarily on the 
configuration and performance. Flexibility and scalability of 
the processor configuration gives firmware. First of all, it is

DOS, and in her BIOS (Base Input /
Output System). Tinkering with BIOS, you can receive a variety 
of hardware configurations that have

adequate software support. Spectrum in this regard extremely 
conservative, as TR-DOS DOS'om as by the way, and OS'om, 
literally this word is not. Historically, the system was 
conceived and implemented as a device for fast loading of 
programs under Hardware appendage to the "elastic"

Sir Clive Sinclair, which predetermined the further difficulty
Hardware development of the Spectrum. IS-DOS in this respect 
compares favorably and is comparable with TR-DOS, as God's gift 
to the eggs. 

   Do not forget the proportionality
power applied to the PC subsystems. The significant, 
disproportionate growth of capacity if the individual 
subsystems and leads, it is only a slight growth in computing 
power. Specific optimal relations capacity depends primarily

all of the circle of problems solved by the user and will be 
different for example, databases and graphics workstations.


   Imagine that we have installed 32 MB of RAM on
Spectrum (Calm down, dear readers, this idea came not in
head of the author, see "Radio amateur" N4 for 94g., "Personal
Computer "Eric" on page 9.).
Presented? The author himself is
is in the form of motor
Boeing set to Zaporozhets. Fun, is not it?
Why then was such Hochma? Z80 has an eight-
data bus, 4 MHz clock
and 64k directly accessible
memory mechanisms of segmentation would be difficult, 
unproductive and non-standard. Volume information in 32MB, bude 
such found, becomes as

Zaporozhets, a pile of trash, if
there is no DOS to access and
work with such volumes. Unfortunately, all of the above can be
attributed to the hard drive - even
and if you agree to work under
system IS-DOS, still the feasibility of its installation 
remains in question. 

   To close Def. 1 should perhaps explain that
serves as a measure of computational
power. This program - test
which shows the frequency with which it was necessary to have a 
processor clocked a certain base machine to that of computing 
power equal to that test samples. Exactly

done in computers IBM,
who give a beautiful number in the
MHz, which is wrongly confused with
frequency of physical reality
available clock.

   If we assume that the architecture remains unchanged, and for
Spectrum is very close to
truth, the computational power depends on CPU performance and 
it is directly proportional. Therefore - Def. 2:



  Def. 2: Proizvoitelnost
CPU (computer) - a
number of running processors short commands (eg,
Register - Register) per unit
time. Dimension, so it looks like [oper. / sec].

   This parameter is important not only
to deal with surreal academic tasks in an unreal time. An 
example of such a task - counting the number of winning ticket

existed when the roll -
a bus ticket offices. This problem
is unique for three reasons. Not
there is no other way to solve than the bust; program
extremely compact; for solutions to machine time
in horse doses.

   Much more important for
Spectrum, both mainly a gaming computer,
increasing the potential for complication graphics
increase the number of graphical objects (sprites) on the 
screen without reduce their dynamics, thinning Entourage 
(gaming background, the second plan), and undoubtedly

Games already exist. In games
using iterative calculations (simulators) object make a 
smoother evolution and less frantically.


   Retreating somewhat to the side,
You can give other (architectural) ways to improve the quality 
of graphics. In Dendy, for example, with a relatively feeble 
processor, and a small amount of RAM for by PDP technology 
(Direct Memory Access) achieved high quality of the 
surroundings, but the overall static images and Poverty

game situation with the head give methods for their technical 
implementation. 

   Generally Motorol'ovskie gadgets stopped by the DMA 
technique. One of the latest Amiga computers

has 27 channels of DMA, and therefore
very useful, for example, to create a TV - commercials.

   Thus, the utility increase
performance we understood. Whereupon Def. 3:

   Def. 3: Ratio turbirovanie - is a relative value, shows how 
many times (in percentage) change in performance

Compared to the benchmark.

   Def. 4: Standard - a basic computer model, whose performance 
is taken as a unit. Usually chosen as a reference the same PC 
to turbirovanie. The disadvantage of this choice is

that performance
different brands of cars in the normal
(Normal) mode is different. In
result there is some uncertainty when compared to turbo cars 
for speed (Productivity).


   Comment: The definition made in the prologue of articles 
seem to whom - that tyagomotinoy, therefore, give examples of 
incorrect interpretations that occur often.


   Turbo controller drives - disk controller, which signals the 
period of the actuator was reduced to 1.75: 2 times. No 
relation to the performance of the PC itself is not is, 
computing power same, albeit slightly, but increases as 
decreases disk access time.


   Coefficient turbirovanie often confused with the ratio of 
the clock frequency computer before and after

turbirovanie. Typically, the ratio of clock frequencies in all
Spectrum'ah equals two, the coefficient is turbirovanie may lie 
in the range of 1.25: 2 (25: 100%).


   Coefficient turbirovanie
usually different for the ROM and RAM memory: a
ROM it more and approximately equal to
two.


     The calculated ratio.


   Coefficient turbirovanie not
is an absolute value
as it follows from the definition,
therefore, we investigate why it depends.



       F + Ntu Nwb


  KT = * (1)


       F ± Ntu + Nw



where:

    KT - factor turbirovanie;

    F - clocked the turbo - mode (usually
7 MHz);

    F ± - clocked the basic version;

    Ntu - the total number of cycles
processor based on technical
conditions (TU) on the Z80, the necessary
to carry out a test program fragment;

    Nw and Nwb - the number of ticks expectations formed when 
running the test fragment in the test and baseline samples, 
respectively. 

   Analysis of the formula. The formula is not
exact equality. This is because the F in the course of work may 
vary. For example, F usually reduced when working with

input port - output; realize the desired delay using the WAIT, 
is expensive circuitry. Nw can depend on the phase of the video 
processor. 

   Coefficient turbirovanie KT
really depends on the ratio of clock frequencies. But the 
desire to enormously increase the F is nothing more than a 
temptation. The increase in F, starting at some point leads to 
a sharp growth Nw. Physically this is explained as follows. Each

machine cycle contains
memory access and memory
has quite a number of time periods (cycles to access memory, 
means that a machine with an opaque video processor), in which 
can access the CPU to RAM (Possible to exchange data between

CPU and RAM). If the processor is "ripe" and wanted to fuck
data before the window came next, then he receives from
WAIT arbitrator and the breaks off.

   Multiplying by F ± K & T, we obtain
effective clock frequency
Feff, which unlike the F,
actually characterizes
performance (productivity) with respect to basic design or 
basic mode. 



      Feff = F ± * K & T (2)



   In conclusion, it should be noted that formula (1), with the 
undoubted advantages of clarity, not functional. Formula, in 
general - is written for speculative analysis and synthesis, 
ie, assume any - something useful with them. Determine the same 
without any special Nw tweaks impossible. This is either

Titanic review process
waveforms, or hard work to create a special hardware "Mouse 
Trap" (Traps) for the "left" active

WAIT'ov counted on Nw. The problem of determining K & T (or 
Feff) solved by means of programs -

tests.


                            ...

...



     Methods turbirovanie.



   All methods turbirovanie by
essentially boil down to a more rational and economical use of 
the limited number of windows, which are formed when working 
with RAM. Skillfully operating clock frequency (CLC) and 
WAIT'om, need to make the processor do not miss that get, 
namely, that is in RAM, that is to combine the time-time place 
(or truth data the issuance) of the processor and the 
willingness of RAM. Typically, this function performs an 
arbitrator. On the ward a variety of information about what 
makes or intends to make the processor, and the phase in which 
there are temporary window RAM and a video processor. The 
functions arbitrator is to analyze incoming data and control 
lines WAIT'a. Time oblamyvaya processor, the referee did not 
give him grab the dirtiest of the tire.

Usually, the referee made in the form
tree (tier logic)
prohibitions, for example, based on IMS
PALR8, which concurrently provides both the necessary degree of 
synchronization signals, that is, synchronous digital machine, 
which is indicated by index R (Register).


   The tree turns a sprawling, as required to provide all the 
situations where the CPU is necessary to slow down. This is an 
example of apophatic turbirovanie, that is, when truth is 
defined as WAIT'a denial of a number, individually unsuitable 
for this situation. 

   There is another method
applied in computer KAY-256
TURBO company (with) Nemo, based
on a phase-locked loops
processor under the windows of RAM. This
method can be called dynamic
modification of machine cycles
(DMMTS). It is curious that the implementation of DMMTS 
requires no additional hardware costs, and only a slight 
redistribution of functions in the existing circuits. No 
arbitrator - when DMMTS arbitrator degenerates into a simple 
zero - sensor - synchronizer PLLs and there only virtually. No 
arbitrator No tree, no cost. Method

DMMTS easier, and at the same
the most effective method
turbirovanie Spectrum - machines.
However, this holy simplicity
very misleading, since
implementation DMMTS necessary circuitry and high culture, 
especially high degree of synchronization of subsystems

Spectrum. Therefore, modifications
Spectrum'ov available if
possible, then unnecessarily laborious. Simply re-recreate
Quarter scheme based computer PAL16-R8. It is again, ladies and 
gentlemen, Restart. 

   Easy to spills DMMTS not
just a beautiful circuitry
but in the convenience of timing analysis, and into something 
more substantial, as will be discussed below. Indeed, at the 
time DMMTS implementation of various cycles

quite different from the prescribed specifications Z80, but the 
number of cycles in the cycle is multiple of 4, and it is easy 
to count. Recalculate the number of cycles of passport (TU on 
Z80) in DMMTS carried out as follows:



       TU ----> DMMTS



        3 ----> 4


        4 ----> 4 (3)


      => 5 8 ---->



   Once having made a sign of new clock command length can be
return to the traditional pokomandnomu counting execution time.

   Algorithm is sufficient to describe DMMTS, so the reference 
to this algorithm shows how to use DMMTS, regardless of brand 
computer. This approach to timing analysis makes it unnecessary 
reckoning WAIT'ov (Nw). You may notice that the CPU performance 
is maximum and reaches its theoretical limit for short (The 
simplest single-byte) command (Which is very impressed by Def. 
2) - For example, type LD r, r ', ADD A, r,

NOP and so on. This is what - what
Recalls RISC - technology
Computer IBM. Method DMMTS
almost fully implements
potentially available resources
Time for access to RAM, efficiently using almost all
available to them the window and gives
close to the limit and KT Feff
for computers with an opaque
video processor. You can increase the K & T to the theoretical 
limit, in addition to overclock the processor to BORDER'e while 
transformation (3) is as follows: 


       TU ----> DMMTS



        3 ----> 4


        4 ----> 4 (4)


      => 5 ----> 8 BORDER


       5.6 ----> 6 / BORDER



   The most valuable, however, the method is linear in DMMTS
time in the address space
and in phase GPU. When
transformation (4) the linearity of the time in the phase of 
the video processor will be lost, that, in my opinion, makes a 
slight gain in K & T (5 - 7%) in the loss of the complex 
characteristics of the system. 

   As an example of appropriate
consider the following passage from
manual corporate Spectrum +3 (str.189).

   "RAM - the banks are of two types: combined, this RAM -
pages 4 to 7 (dividing time
a video processor) and exclusive from 0 to 3 (used by the 
processor alone). Any machine code programs,

with time-critical (such as music or connected - 
"communications" program), should be placed in the exclusive 
banks. For example, the sequence NOP'ov (it's not that 
otherwise, a reference to the test - the program - the author), 
located in the combined banks, gives an effective rate (Feff - 
author) 2.66 MHz versus the normal 3.55

MHz (F ± - author). This gives
decrease in velocity (dKt in
this case it is negative -
author), about 25%. "For a computer KAY-256 of this restriction 
is not exists.


   It is curious that the apophatic
turbirovanie, in the limit, gives
similar to (3) or (4) conversion at incomparably
large hardware cost and
complexity of implementation. This is explained by the sequence 
and order of appearance of windows available RAM, which in any

machines with non-transparent video processor similar.
   In conclusion turbirovanie
should be mentioned that the mechanisms may turbirovanie
disconnected when accessing
TR-DOS. In KAY-256 on it had to go to maintain compatibility on 
the bus base disk controller.


   Office of the turbo - the regime
can be performed programmatically (OUT to port), system
(OK (open collector) in a logical "0" on the system bus
(Line * TURBO)), and switch on the front panel. For
off the turbo - a regime sufficiently at least one ban
activation - requires all
three permits (to pass). By RESET'u motherboard goes into the 
turbo - mode. 

  An example of converting the number of cycles.

 Team Cycles

              TU DMMTS

   NOP

           C1 (OCR) 4 ---> 4
LD (nn), HL

           C1 (OCR) 4 ---> 4

           C2 (ORL) 3 ---> 4

           U3 (ORH) 3 ---> 4

           TS4 (MWL) 3 ---> 4

           TS5 (MWH) 3 ---> 4


           Total: 20 ---> 24



      Methods of testing


        (Measurement) of KT.



   As follows from the definition of
(Def. 3, formula (1)), K & T depends on Nwb and Nw, which in 
turn turn, depend on the parameters

test program fragment.
For DMMTS, in particular, the ratio of short commands and
long. For apophatic turbirovanie relationship is not so 
transparent, but it also exists. You can go even further and 
declare that, for each model turbo - Spectrum has its own The 
original test, which gives the maximum, compared with other 
tests, the value of KT. 

   Special Programs - tests
commonly used for reference
time the hardware timer - signal INT, a period which is defined 
precisely enough video processor. Test piece at This is placed 
in a loop with counter between two (or more) consecutive 
INT'ami. The counter value after the run

test piece and then normalized in the spirit of the formula 
(1). The normalization is carried out in accordance with the 
selected base sample. Followed by the issuance of the result on 
the screen. 

   Should be well to give myself
report that the K & T depends on
concrete realization of the test
fragment and the sample selected
for normalization, ie, test and
sample set is essentially a measure of KT. Coefficient of K & T 
without a reference the test and baseline sample indicates the 
price of firewood in Australia. 

   Test of INT'am averaged to KT by the video processor cycle, 
so it does not give real information on the nonlinearity 
("knock" the processor speed). Here are the results of testing 
the turbo - Spectrum'ov test "ZX-BENCHMARK TEST", which You can 
see "Appendix" of the magazine. (This program was first 
published in "Radio amateurs", N7 for 94g.) Test for Border.




          K & T in% of the test on
 Com-ZX-BENCHMARK Border
puter

       RAM, ROM, RAM, ROM, RAM

KAY256 93 95100100100

KAY256 170 195 182 205 174
turbo

Pentagon128 100 100 108 105 data
Pentagon128 160 na 172 na from Ute
 turbo

Scorp. 93 95 100 100 100

Scorp. 145 195 156 205 178
 turbo



    In this table, under the basic
model against which
measured by K & T, may be taken
Any machine that has 100%
performance in RAM.

   Analyzing the table, you will notice that the accuracy of 
testing by about 5% (not quite clear how the two-times increase 
in clock speed of the ROM increased by 105%. Also, as one would

expected value depends on the K & T
test, and various tests
can provide the difference in speed
machines of different sign.


     Effect on turbirovanie


    software compatibility.



   Software compatibility machines of the family Spectrum, seems
perceived by users
as an inferiority complex.
What did not make the chasing
for shares of phantom percent
this same software compatibility: the port # FF sets,
and port address A12 plant at
sound processor, and do exactly the address decoder, all
obscurantism not count.

   So, gentlemen, is forced to
Upset you, your computer's performance and
effect, albeit very weakly, on
software compatibility.

   Author, in this case,
frankly amused spicy
the situation. When turbirovanie loss software compatibility 
are even more of these accidents share

percent and so they lose
meaning, equating the turbo - machines
onymi with bells and whistles and without them.
User also faces the problem of choosing between the actual 
characteristics of the system and the idea - Fix for 100% 
software compatibility. It is possible, of course, and sit on 
two chairs with a very close to 100% compatibility with normal

speed and the inclusion of a turbo - the regime. Essentially
, such a decision is fundamentally nothing
does not change.

   For example, Pentagon, as we
have already established a slaboturbirovannoy machine with 
respect to corporate Spectrum'u. If you write on Pentagon'e 
time-critical performance portion of the program and shove it

without a gap between INT'ami, we get the software 
incompatibility with the whole community of other Spectrum'ov. 

   By the way, a bad connection on the modem type "VICOMM" 
Pentagon'a with other Spectrum'ami explained

is non-standard rate
work (performance)
first. Possible, the output is
to create alignment routines that compensate the difference in
performance of different brands of cars, and in the first place,
turbocharged.


  Several stepped aside.

   The author wishes to state that considers vicious remove 
legs chips in computers, in which why - do not go Pentagon '

-native program. These programs can be larger than
legs in the computer. Of course,
creation of incompatible programs
on Pentagon'e not the fault of their respective owners. It just 
so happened that Pentagon was the first mass release of Spectrum

floppy controller and its
owners have accumulated the largest
programming experience. However,
bear in mind that Pentagon did not
standard and not the massive machine at the moment, everything 
- yet worth it. Activity programmers now recalls shooting

half drunk calculation setup
"Grad", which is its inability to aim well compensates massing 
of the volley, and accurate shipment prefers

carpet bombing.

   Nonlinearity in time to phase the video processor is quite 
significant for programs that run in real time. This, for 
example, voice synthesis, music; Fourier transformation;

generating functional sequences connected programs to exchange 
data. For such programs requirement of linearity

is necessary, simply
speaking, they can not avoid
the nonlinear turbirovanie. In
As an exercise (speculative), try to imagine
his voice was synthesized by direct coding
computer processor which
dispersed in and inhibits BORDER'e scan video. According to the 
author, it will be discordant duet Napara with harmonics field 
sweep. 

   Programming capabilities
Spectrum for working in real time, so far no more than potency, 
as previously such a possibility did not exist. Least, no 
further quantization, the length of time was the period of the 
system timer INT (Approximately 20 ms), now's the time to

Spectrum'e can be installed
up to a machine cycle
(A few microseconds).

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