KAY-1024
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KAY1024 | KAY256
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1.Системное oбeспeч. |
(загруженное) - iSDOS97 | iSDOS
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2 Объем ОЗУ, кб |
(включая квазидиск) - 1024 | 256
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3. Режим TURBO |
3.1 Задержка пeрeключ. |
TURBO/NORMA и обратно. |
He более - 75 нс | 300 нс
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3.2 Объем задeйствo- |
bahhoro ПЗУ, кб. - 64 | 48
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3.3 Тактовая эффектив- |
ная частота, в ОЗУ |
MHZ |
TURBO - 3.5/3.5| 3.5/3.3
NORMA - 7.0/ | 7.0/
6.3-7.0| 3.3-7.0
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4. Коэффициент |
турбирoв. |
ОЗУ - 1.9 | 1.9
ПЗУ - 2.0 | 2.0 Порты - 1.0 | 1.0-1.5
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5. Кол-во корпусов ИМС, |
шт. (Системная плата + |
конт. дисководов) - 55+15 | 57+15
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6. Подключение к TV - SCART/| RGB
/RGB|
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7. Буфeризoваниe IORQ |
на шине - есть | нет
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Kthe KAY-1024 concept has not undergone any changes
any changes compared to KAY-256
and is a further evolution of the KAY line
in general. Changes in architecture and the resulting
circuit designers wear cabbage soup from it before
Just cosmetic in nature. More correct
would be to call them changes in mukpoap-
architecture - architecture “in the small”, i.e.
quality factor of circuit design solutions
sing synchronization and clocking of everything
systems. Brief summary of what has been done
in KAY-1024 it looks like this:
- Without 'WAIT' mode in NORMAL (3.SMhz)
provides a potential opportunity to work in
multicolor mode. For the same purpose, stabilization
the IORQ lengthening coefficient was lysed in
TURBO (7.0 Mhz). Now its duration
is always the same - both in NORMAL and in
TURBO. In KAY-256, for reasons of maximum
low speed IORQ was lengthened
from one and a half to two times.
- Increasing the amount of RAM to 1 MB in order to
support of large software products
information volume. Such as OC, hy-
pertext subsystems in electronic devices
Denmark, mod. files and graphics.
- Detailed study of the circuit design of the observa-
tinning tires aimed at increasing
understanding its potential capabilities and bepo-
the likelihood of successfully connecting peripherals -
devices.
- Socket installedconnector switching
"TV-set" to simplify TV connection
visor.
What has been done is far from being exhausted by
given list. However, changes such as
aimed at increasing manufacturability and
reliability, reduction in production costs
vodstva are unlikely to interest readers.
The requirements and wishes of the users were taken into account
callers to the extent that they mutually
consistent and practically purposeful
different. As before, the design of KAY-1024
completely open - there are no
inappropriateness all sorts of different tricky
LSIs like ALTER, PLM, etc. Moreover,
it turned out to be possible to keep the same
total number of IC cases, (single
the added IC is a bus buffer in the chain
ke IORQ type 15ЗЗЛЛЧ), geometric
dimensions and shape of the boards, as well as coordinates
holes for fastening.
This allows you to replace the board version when
using a screwdriver.
If the user did not interfere with the hot
with a blunt object (soldering iron) into the board,
then it can be sold, exchanged, donated to
after all. This is a real alternative
deeply rooted practice of "advanced
current" when the computer board is in two or three
entry turns into scrap - which is not
only to sell, but even to give shame -
but... Essentially, this is the launch of an upgrade
kidneys For the moneythe user is already
it's the same whether you screw up your old computer
(spend money on “work”, completing -
prices at retail prices and a decrease in liquidity
price of the computer), or buy a related one, more
more perfect model. Thus the park
Spectrum computers can increase by
Thanks to yours (and not just the company (c) NEMO)
effort rather than diminishing (through
developments/improvements).
Upgrade chain can be considered
user and as a method of purchasing
latest version of payment on credit. Actually
in fact, it is not at all necessary to strive to
drink the latest model. Characteristics
latest model (KAY-1024) for
most users at this moment
ment are redundant. Igrunov, for example, is quite
version v1.0 will also suit (KAY-256 without tour-
bo-mode, with two slots). Everything is determined
depends on the problems you solve
at the moment (and you are not planning to borrow -
someday in the future) and accordingly
technical characteristics corresponding to these tasks.
To companies that paid for the first delivery according to
technology export program in "ZX-FOR-
MAT" N.7 (at the time of publication of this issue in
light), new KAY-1024 boards can be
provided as a second, or
next delivery with the appropriate technical
no documentation and increased prices
by 20%. For companies that have not paid the first
delivery, its price also increases by
20%.Now in more detail about what, where,
how and why it was done.
The method of forming INT.
In KAY-1024 INT has an arbitrary length
intensity, depending on the type of commands, the strength
full CPU at the time of the interrupt request
nia. Ho since INT is synchronized with
cycle of extracting the KOP (signal M1), then
distinguish it from INT with a length tolerance
duration 10 psec (10 picoseconds, duration
duration 9.00000 µs) practically (i.e.
software) is not possible. Before-
an additional advantage is the absence
need to switch duration
INT when switching from TURBO to NOR mode
MAL and back. As a result, the programmer
and to the manufacturer of peripherals who decided
suddenly use disabling TUR mode
VO on the bus, not necessarily somehow
coordinate their efforts to
they would be successful.
TV interface switching socket.
The KAY-1024 board has a socket
to simplify docking via SCART and RGB.
By changing the line switching in the stub, you can
select the required oneset of signals as
for SCART and RGB (standard mode).
All signals required are output to the socket.
suitable for PAL/SECAM encoder or module-
torus, including supply voltage.
RAM expansion up to 1MB.
KAY-1024, as the name suggests,
equipped with 1MB of RAM. This is done to support
ki of "heavy" software products,
chatting on Spectrum. First of all
this applies to OC iS-DOS. Disk drive from system
dark device intermediate xpahe-
data mining (in which he is constantly poking around -
Xia OC) turns into an external device
download/upload to external mobile
The medium is a floppy disk. That is fulfills those
functions that are assigned to him according to the state, and
does not work "for wear and tear". Taking into account TURBO -
mode, the overall OC speed increases by
order. A similar situation occurs when working
those with a hard drive.
1MB memory is organized on IC 411000
(1Mbit x 1 bit). Extension bits: D7
bit #1FFD; D7 bit #7FFD. Line D7 (7 bits)
#1FFD, which previously served the line
AUTO (16 pin connector DV 25 standard
Centronics) switched to 6 bits (D6)
port #7FFD. Use 6 bits (D6) port
that #7FFD is not allowed, as it will interfere with de-
to mommakers. Bus in KAY-1024
The changes made do not affect
top-down compatibility for peripherals
rial devices. This means that everything
old peripheral devices will be
work on new computers with advanced
bus, but newly emerging devices
Tva may refuse to work on the old ones
computer npec microarchitecture changes -
There are two goals:
- increasing the probability of successful connection
confinement;
- increasing potential capabilities
devices on the bus.
At the moment, the probability of successful
connections:
- for computers without a bus and without a system
connector = 0.7
(example: Pentagon)
- for computers with system connector = 0.8/
0.85
(example: Scorpion with/without extender)
- for computers with system bus = 0.85/0.9(example: Kau-256 v1.0 - v1.4)
Under the probability of connection
The average temperature for the patient is shown
tse" based on accumulated data. (To
this includes the ability to use
body to use a soldering iron). Probably
connectivity (including on
glitch-free) primarily affects
quality factor of synchronization circuitry
the entire system, i.e. mukpoapxutektypa; in
second stage processor type; on the third
presence/absence of buffers on the bus. If
the processor can be changed (by installing, for example,
measures, Z84C001OPEC at 10 Mhz), and buffers
deliver, then change the microarchitecture
impossible. From an old plate of stone to stone
If it doesn't stay, everything will have to be updated.
The peripheral developer has to
time to choose whether to make an expensive device
yours with ingenious schemes, compensating
imperfection of homemade connection
(and it is very difficult to treat tonsils through
ass), or cheap, but only under
new computers. That is users have to
pay extra for missing a tire. Of course-
Xia, this is true in a static, mediated
in a certain sense, but the price is set using
walking precisely from such considerations.
Now specifically about the changes in the bus.
_Connector_ Latest deliveries of connectors
with a step of 2.5 mm stopped. This is related
with the fact that some manufacturers cover
were poured out with a copper basin, and those that remained
raised prices to the skies. Retail price for
96 pin. double row connector for printing
with slats reaches 12 in places in St. Petersburg
rubles per piece. Old stocks are exhausted.
As regrettable as it may be, we will have to switch
step by 2.54 mm. On compatibility
boards that have "ears" - the keys will not tell -
Xia. The milled groove is designed in such a way
at once that the board successfully fits like 2.5
mm, and in the 2.54 mm jack. When installing
boards without keys you will have to be careful -
nom and “aim”.
Signals in KAY-1024
_TURBO_ (5V line) This signal, like the ra-
it can only be processed open
collector. (Ballast: 300 Ohm at +5V).
If the open collector is broken (disabled)
chen), then the computer can be located either in
NORMAL and TURBO modes. If this is
is closed to log 0 (ground), then the computer
ter only works in NORMAL mode (3.5
Mhz). State uncertainty when opening
hatched collector on the 5V line of the card
expansion is associated with the presence of a switch
calf"TURBO/NORMAL" on the front panel and
state of bit #1FFD card D2 (in 0-TUR-
IN, in 1-NORMAL). In order for the computer
ter was in TURBO mode, it is necessary
so that the following conditions are met:
1) Panel switch - position
"TURBO".
2) Bit D2 #1FFD to 0.
3) The 5V line is not shorted to ground
one peripheral device.
4) DOS signal/=1, i.e. TR-DOS signal
disabled.
5) Signal IORQ/=1, i.e. this is not a cycle
I/O
Feature of the TURBO signal in KAY-1024
is that it does not work at the level
machine cycle (as in KAY-256), and on
machine clock level, i.e. delay
TURBO/NORMAL switching time is no more than 70 ns.
This allows you to control the speed of work
processor with half-cycle accuracy
CLOCK signal.
_CLC_ signal (line 8A). In corporate
on the computer this signal was
inversionCLOCK of the processor, i.e. signal
timing on his 6th leg. In reality
TURBO mode activation has occurred indefinitely
ity, because in a branded CLC car always
meander 3.5 MHz period. That's exactly how it was
made in KAY-256. In KAY-1024 the CLC signal
- it's just the 6th leg of the processor directly.
To eliminate the influence of terminal capacitances
IC (which are included in expansion cards
can be connected to line 8A) pre-
motpeha compensation scheme. Necessity
presence of this signal (CLOCK of the process)
ra) is dictated by the fact that
all bus signal times are certified
by ZILOG regarding the CLOCK signal
(6th leg Z80)
_WAIT_ signal (line 21V). KAY-256's
WAIT's chain had an interception point - ball-
430 Ohm fin resistor connected in series
conclusively. This does not apply to special glitches.
drove, but sometimes there were interesting, heop-
dinar cases. In KAY-1024 the WAIT/ signal
performed at OK (300 Ohm ballast at +5V). K
this does not lead to restrictions on the operating logic
dit, because setting log 1 (+5V) with after-
the blowing common element (GE) is absurd,
since failure is guaranteed as a result.
(With the possible exception of exotic
cases such as tire gripping according to BUSRQ). B
KAY-1024 the WAIT/ line can only be closed
tolog 0 (i.e. to ground), which corresponds
corresponds to the operating logic of OK. To the connection line
300 Ohm ballast resistor is turned on at +5V
_IORQ_ signal (line 17V), and signal _I-
ORQGE_ (13A signal). These are special sig-
Taxes for geographic addressing of ports
com/card. The IORQ signal generated by the CPU is
passed on like a buffer baton -
mi OR (15ZZLLCH) along the chain of slots and pos-
tynaet back to the system board (see.
fig. 2). If the address vector (optional)
but port) is recognized by the peripheral board
like your own, then the expansion card decoder
includes a circuit (on OE or simply KT361),
which tightens the corresponding con-
IORQGE clock to 5V, i.e. logical unity
tse. The IORQ/ impulse does not travel further, and
the peripheral board carries out the exchange
data with the processor. Thus,
conflicts between circuit boards are eliminated
widths. If the port addresses of the cards match -
ut, then the card will be operational,
closest in the chain to the processor. Don't re-
recommended for peripheral decoder
install IORQ/ boards, can be used
only address lines. Otherwise
peripheral card decoder circuit
may not have time to drag IORQGE to log 1 and
a piece of IORQ/ (i.e. a needle) will slip through
further down the chain. The KAY-256 chain
IORQ/IORQGE was implemented onresisto-
rah, which did not always work reliably.
Software embedded in ROM.
Some additions have been made to the KAY-1024 ROM
additional features, details o co-
of which, due to limitations in the volume of mathematics,
rial, will be discussed in the next issue-
re.
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