Programmers - Mini Windows`98

  WINDOWS`98 PROGRAM SHELL.     
                                          
                          
------------------------------------------
 Suckers breed every day.
                                          
   I did not choose this epigraph by chance.
Review of new software products, and especially the media, among
of all other pathology revealed another in-
interesting point: how many soft makers,
so many attempts to do more or less
similar to Windows on PC. Everyone
considers himself an academic, so he spends
a lot of time and effort to imitate. In some
In some cases this is possible, but in
Most imitation turns into
into a parody.  There was no time (desire) yet
look at all these perversions from the inside, but
outwardly - nonsense. In some cases, that
especially noteworthy, it immediately arises
question - which Kempston mouse controller?
the guys who wrote this or that have
arrow driver?  The point is that the software
quite interestingly supports this do-
weight - the arrow moves only when
when you hold down the spacebar.
Fire buttonsdo not work at all or only
They play again with the spacebar pressed.
Insanity is getting stronger... Especially when for pe-
moving the arrow across the screen from one edge
to another using the mouse (!) you need 83
(!!!!!!) centimeter!  The next perversion -
window interface.  Actually, the window and
Africa window, but not everyone uses it
logical and beautiful. Sometimes opening the window,
you're wondering how to cancel it, yes
so that without selecting anything and launching
kaya. Some programmers have tried more
e-less breathing pathology to offer for
widespread use by all others, with
this tying up a whole stack of inalienable
requirements and working conditions, etc. Me too
I walked this path at one time, but constantly
new improvement has not yet led to
great demands on the programmer, and at the same time
Borot - freed his hands. Now I've decided
give everyone your own MiniWindows.
This version does not have physical addresses
subroutines  Single point access
entrance. So, dedicated to all the morons...  
                                          
                1.INTRODUCTION                
                                          
   This software product represents
is a complete object module for or-
organization of a convenient interface.Shell
consists of a set of functions, a set
which allows you to obtain a modern design
Zain programs. Functions should be tied
according to this programming manual
Vania. For convenience of work, we carried out
Function numbering code after the command to call it
call From now on the user has no idea
about the location of all shell routines
ki. Access to them only through a single point
login:                                    
                                          
        CALL #6000;call the shell.       
         DEFB #41 ;window printing.          
or:                                   
         RST #10                         
         DEFB #41                         
                                          
   In the first case, all registers are saved -
xia, and in the second due to the nature of the work
RST 16 in the ROM of the 48th BASIC is killed
alternative DE. Contact via RST 16
possible if after installation (#40)
"bind" procedure SUPERVISOR, going to
complete with the shell and its co-
the main part. To link you need to register
my pairBC enter at address #5С51.      
                                          
   Function numbers do not start from zero, but
from #40.  This is done so that you can
was to use commands like CALL NZ,OS without
risk of going into meditation if there is a discrepancy
conditions, because the next byte is no-
function measure. If the call condition does not match
fell, then the function number turns into bo-
a more or less harmless squad...            
                                          
   Taking into account the wishes of the programmers, we have
I'm already dealing with my version of Windows, I
after installation in register pair HL
I give the address of the beginning of the function table, i.e.
two-byte physical addresses of functions.
This is done so that you can
become attached to some (or all) functions
shell pits and do not waste extra cycles for
their number-by-number call. To bind:
let's take the sequence number of the function, then
make a correction to zero, and then calculating
walk the address in the table take it and
substitute under JP adr. In a register pair
DE  is the address of the beginning of the second font
or, if not present, the address of the end of the shell.
Firstfont for 42 character printing,
the second - whatever you want, tie it like that -
those  But the height is EIGHT bits! Third "you"
input" parameter - address for RST binding
16. Just enter the register value
pairs BC at #5С51 and that's it. Natural
but, if necessary, then first save
Thread the old value of this system.      
                                          
        2.TECHNICAL FEATURES         
                                          
   The shell is compiled to address #6000
(24576) and is designed to operate at 48 kilo-
byte and more computers. Nice to have
minimum 128 KB. RAM, because for saving
the screen under the windows must be allocated
which is the amount of computer memory that
in 48 KB. problematic. Printing subroutine
windows provides for the preservation of fragments
screens under the windows to the allotted area
programmer RAM page.               
                                          
   The shell size is 8 kilobytes. If
there is no second font, then 6 kilobytes. B
this file contains everything for the interface
user: printing and deleting windows, re-
a number of menu texts, menu selection arrow-
cursor, print standardsize
(3 by 3) pictograms, simultaneous procedure
new survey of Kempston mice and keyboards +
joysticks, full-fledged 256-character font
fishing, programmable letter size from 32 to
64 characters per line and small functions for
different cases of using the shell.       
                                          
   The shell kit includes 4 types of fonts
ta (32,42,51,64 characters per line), file
icons, utility file for assembler
"ALASM", intended for installation
function numbers and shell, screen
splash file (wallpaper), program listing
creating pictograms.                      
                                          
   The shell uses the current one when running.
set of processor registers plus register
new pair IX. The alternative set does not touch
included, including AF`. Interrupt mode can be
can be anything, even prohibited. But next
you should follow him, because for braking
cursor, the command HALT is used. Shell
monitors permission or prohibition
interrupts except for disk functions
operations (setting DI) and input(setting
new EI). For inputit is necessary to have knowledge
reading IY,23610. This is to save memory and
ease of retrieving keystroke code
at IY-50.                          
                                          
   ATTENTION!  Functions of disk operations and
character input uses system re-
exchangeable BASIC and TR-Dos!  Be careful
useful when writing programs. If such
restrictions do not suit you, then write
themselves disk operations, line inputs and
so on...                              
                                          
   The programmer is invited to install the
add page to save screen
areas under the windows. I'm on the same page
I recommend adding a file with icons.
Naturally, one should not get carried away too much
windows in a large number of simultaneous
but on the screen, because memory limitations
will arise immediately. Window printing program
in order to save memory and machine time
does not check whether the end of the pa-
crumple when saving the screen. By the way, about ek-
wound: the shell uses the main screen
computer from address #4000 (16384), second
the screen is given to the programmer on hisgoals.
The PAGE function will turn on any screen!         
                                          
   The principle of screen saving is similar
working with the processor stack: the last one
walked, came out first. Saving information
yah screen is automatically laid in
a special buffer whose size is equal to
number of simultaneously open windows. On
one save must be allocated six bytes,
where information about the window size is stored,
its place on the screen, color aspects and
address in the save buffer. Also available
system variable about the number of stored
of screens, which is installed
also automatically. If it is zero, then
The window removal program is ignored.     
                                          
       3. PRINCIPLE OF WORKING WITH THE SHELL       
                                          
   System installation is described below, and
here briefly about the technology of writing in-
interface.  First of all, you need to order a century-
window torus (see below), open the window, print
create menus, create system options,
activate the cursor option selector,
delete cursor, window, navigate to
the created table of addresses further according to the algorithm
rhythm.  It doesn’t sound definite... But in reality
In fact, everything is very simple and accessible. 4.WINDOW VECTOR PROGRAMMING      
                                          
   To set window parameters:
create a special set of bytes called
We then use the window vector. To this vector
always indicates register pair IX.
Almost all shell routines are
nerd with vector, so the programmer
must monitor its safety and
timeliness of substitution, if necessary
need to use IX register. Vector
window includes the following values:  
                                          
   +0 window print column in familiar places. 
 +1 Window print line in familiar places.  
   +2 window length in familiar locations.          
   +3 height of the window in familiar locations.         
   +4 window color.                         
   +5 flagnumber one.                   
   +6 current. column for printing text in pixels. 
 +7 current. line of printed text in a sign.
 +8 current text printing color.        
   +9 flag number two.                    
   +10 address of the mother window vector.   
   +11                                    
 +12 address of system parameters on the menu.
 +13                                    
   +14 transition address table address     
   +15 according to the selected menu.          
   +16 indicator of the presence of a window title     
       (zero - no header).            
                                          
   Parameters with offset 6,7,8,10,11 us-
are adjusted by the shell automatically. By
offset +16 setting zero means from -
the absence of a window title, but if the title
needed, then this byte is the first in
title.  And now about each displacement in
window vector in order. Printing program
windows does not monitor the correctness of entered
parameters, so you shouldn’t set bullshit
blowing                                     
                                          
   By offset  plus four indicated
the color of the window and the text that will be there
printed.  Bits of values ink, paper, bright
and flash are similar to BASIC.               
                                          
   Bytes with offset 6,7,8 set-
with the window print program automatically and
mean the current column values in pixels
lyakh from the edge of the TV screen, the value of the line is
chat in familiar places from the top of the TV screen,
the value of the current text printing color is
responsibly.By offset  plus 10 printing program
window sets the address of the vector pre-
the main (mother) window from which the call was made.
A new window appeared. Current window value
stored in a special system variable
noah(REGWIN). To arrange a return to
to the mother window, the function RESTOR takes
hence the address of the previous window, makes it
current and deletes the last window. So
Thus, using the window vector, you can ver-
go to the previous branch of the algorithm
ma user soft.                             
                                          
 By offset plus 12 the programmer is obliged
indicate the beginning of system parameters for
selection of menu options. For one menu you need
specify four coordinates: column position
from the edge of the screen, stock position from the top of the screen
wound, size in length and height measure strips
nude  All values ​​are specified in familiar places.
End of system variables code #FF. Quantity
The quality of four-digit system ones depends on
number of menu options in the window. If in pro-
During the program operation it is necessary to exclude
you need to read some mode from the survey
"zero" the strip length parameter. Then
choice is impossible, but when calculating the order
number of the selected menu is excluded -
ny also counts!                       
                                          
   To carry out transitions according to the subroutine
For frames outside the shell, I suggest using
use a tabular method of movement, because he's on-
most convenient when working with my "WINDOWS".
The address of the beginning of the address table must be placed
by offset +14.Transition principle JP (HL).
                                          
   By offset  plus 16: zero - no offset
dexterity.   End of title, like others
texts in the shell, always zero. Print
The title is highlighted by inversion.             
                                          
   Now about the offset flags 5 and 9. Sohow they are used together is discussed here
written together. So, a list of bit numbers and
shell reaction to their values:          
                                          
BIT 0,(IX+5) - window border indicator at  
               text printing.             
0 -printing on the borders.                    
1 -printing with a retreat of one character
                                          
BIT 1,(IX+5) - screen copy pointer
 on under the window.              
0 -make a copy of the screen.                   
1 -do not make a copy.                       
                                          
BIT 2,(IX+5) - print resolution indicator
 window shadows.                 
0 -do not create a shadow.1 -make a shadow.                           
                                          
BIT 3,(IX+5) - permission to invert the 
 menu volumes.                 
0 -the strip is inverted.                  
1 -prohibition of menu bar inversion.           
                                          
BIT 4,(IX+5) - reaction of the menu bar to 
 boron options. Works in pairs 
 with the value BIT 3,(IX+5). 
00 -band present: delete.                
01 -no strip: leave as is.     
10 -band present: leave as is.     
11 -no strip: set.             
                                          
BIT 5,(IX+5) - letter size indicator in  
               pixels.                  
0 -the letter size is arbitrary.             
1 -letter size is eight pixels.          
                                          
BIT 6,(IX+5) - print inversion indicator  
               text.                    
0 -inversion is disabled.                    
1 -inversion is enabled.                     
                                          
BIT 7,(IX+5) - feed resolution indicator 
 chi sound click.       
0 -clicking is enabled.                       
1 -clicking is disabled.                       
                                          
BIT 0,(IX+9) - action with leading zeros 
 when printing numbers.          
0 -skip leading zero.                 
1 -print a space instead of a leading zero.   
                                          
BIT 1,(IX+9) - icon color correction
0 -do not change the color of the icon.            
1 -color the icon with a color from (IX+8). 
                                          
BIT 2,(IX+9) - permission to draw a frame 
 ictogram.               
0 -do not draw a frame.                    
1 -enclose the icon with a frame.            
                                          
BIT 3,(IX+9) - icon printing resolution   
               close and dismiss the window   
               in the header.               
0 -do not print icons.                    
1 -print icons.                       
                                          
BIT 4,(IX+9) - method of printing pictograms.  
0 -print using the OR overlay principle.     
1 -regular printing.                        
                                          
BIT 5,(IX+9) - anti-bounce action 
 ha when you press "fire".    
0 -bounce protection is enabled.           
1 -protection is removed (you can draw with the cursor).
                                          
BIT 6,(IX+9) - reserve for the programmer.   
                                          
BIT 7,(IX+9) - input enable/disable    
               non-Russian letters in INPUT.    
0 -prohibited.                             
1 -allowed.                             
                                          
         5.INSTALLATION OF THE SHELL.          
                                          
   The user program must do
setting up system and some functions
shells for further collaboration.
To do this, you need to create a special
sequence of bytes that are used
This function is INSTALL. Your actions:        
                                          
   1. Load the file into the computer memory
pictograms and indicate in the installation
block of variables its beginning and country number
face where he is.                   
                                          
   2. Reserve the save buffer
wound area covered by printed
windows. The buffer size can be calculated using
walking from the maximum number of windows,
open at the same time. Formula for determining
lensionsamount of RAM for one window:
a=window length, b=window height, c=length c
shadow, d=height with shadow, r=(a*b)*8+(c*d).
To correctly find information in
save buffer should be reserved
a kind of descriptor of six bytes per
every window. The easiest way to do this is one-
new page: first the descriptor 6*nn, and
then the save buffer.  nn is equal to max-
small number of simultaneously open windows
in the program, for example, five. The beginning of that and
indicate another in the installation block.  
                                          
   3. Upload the screen background file (wallpaper).
                                          
   4. The mouse polling program is assembled
for a three-button mouse.  If the controller
mouse missing (from port #FADF (64223)
zero is read), then the poll is ignored,
and during installation the mouse driver is cut off
and is no longer available. First button pressed
(left or right) is considered fire,
the central button cannot be "fire" and
there is no access to it until the driver is detected
poured with a fire button. During installation
checks for the presence of a Kempston joystick
(reading from port #1F the first five bits) and when
in its absence, he is excluded from the survey.5. To work on computers with a capacity
RAM more than 48 KB becomes necessary
indicate the current page number. These us-
adjustments must be done every time
yes, for example, it works IM 2 with playback
I eat music on another page. System
STRAN indicates the last value
transferred to the port #7FFD by the function PAGE. Vector
windows can be anywhere in memory:
the window opener automatically resets
it into a special buffer and works with it from -
efficient. After opening the window it returns-
put in place with corrected data
by color, print, etc. The page is also for-
remembered and restored.           
                                          
   Appearance of the installation block:    
                                          
+O DEFB O ;BORDER color of the border when aiming on the beeper.        
+1 DEFB O ;PICPAG page number where the icons are located.     
+2 DEFB O ;COXPnumber of the save page under the windows.      
+З DEFW O ;TABSOHR the beginning of the system storage table.    
+5 DEFW About ;TABSPR directly save buffer.          
+7 DEFW O ;TABPIC address of where the icon file is located.         
+9 DEFW O ;P_KUR1 cursor position on the screen in pixels.      
+11 DEFB O ;DRIVE number of the current drive O,1,2,Z.          
+12 DEFB O ;LD_MIU number of the first physical sector of the disk    
+1З DEFB O ;LD_MAX number of the last physical number.       
+14 DEFB O ;SV_MIU is an analogue of the two previous ones, but for the function     
+15 DEFB About ;SV_MAX sector group records.                    
+16 DEFW O ;STACK standard stack position (reg. SP).     
+18 DEFB O ;AND_KURS shell cursor number O,1,2.              
                                          
   Values +12/+15 indicate to the shell
the first and last numbers of sectors that
some are physically present on the disk. Per-
The first two values for loading are:
for recording to disk. Gaps in numbering
it shouldn't be!  Sector size does not have
values - so many bytes will be read,
how much is there according to the sector size on
disk.  The driver is written in such a way that
It monitors download addresses itself.          
                                          
   The cursor position is indicated in pixels
from the top and left edge of the TV screen and
presentation order: lowest value
is equal to the column, the highest value is
line.    As befits a shell
"WINDOWS", the appearance can be replaced with
your own. In this case, one should take into account
Note that the cursor is only four in size
acquaintances.   When writing, the author manually
was guided by common sense, so did not
provided for the size of the cursor in half
fault of the screen... System variable indicated -
calling to the address of the cursor that is activated
is currently set to FORMA.B
The shell has three types of cursor: ma-
small arrow like in Art-Studio, big
arrow and finger. The cursor hasapprox.
This is exactly what it looks like in a bit layout:      
                                          
 CURSOR MASK       
                                          
 00000000 00000000 00011111 11111111 
 01100000 00000000 00001111 11111111 
 01010000 00000000 00000111 11111111 
 01001000 00000000 00000011 11111111 
 01000100 00000000 00000001 11111111 
 01010010 00000000 00000000 11111111 
 01011001 00000000 00000000 01111111 
 01011100 10000000 00000000 00111111 
 01011110 01000000 00000000 00011111 
 01010000 00100000 00000000 00001111 
 01000111 11110000 00000000 00000111 
 01001000 00000000 00000000 00000111 
 01010000 00000000 00000111 11111111 
 01100000 00000000 00001111 11111111 
 01000000 00000000 00011111 11111111 
 00000000 00000000 00111111 11111111 
                                          
   The cursor shape is bookmarked
as follows - first two columns
"cursor" in order from left to right, and then
"mask" in the same way. Total 64 bytes
for one type.                              
                                          
              5. PRINT txt               
                                          
   Positionwindow printing is indicated in the sign
from the top and left edge of the screen
and presented in the order described in the century-
window tore.                                
                                          
   The text printing position is indicated on
rotation from the window print position: low-order sign
value - row, highest - column. A little
it turned out to be a mess, but “we have what
we have" (L.M. Kravchuk). Same standard
positions and for printing pictograms.          
                                          
   The shell is initially assembled with
42-character font.  ATTENTION!  IN VIEW
THE APPEARING MEMORY LIMITATIONS MAINLY
SHELL FONT FIRST 256 BYTES USED
THEY ARE FOR OTHER PURPOSES, SO THE FIRST 32
IT IS NOT RECOMMENDED TO PRINT THE CHARACTER FROM ZERO TO #1F
POUTING, T.K.  THERE WILL BE "TRASH" ON THE SCREEN, BUT
THE ADDRESS OF THE FONT IS INDICATED WITH ACCOUNT
VOLUME OF THESE SYMBOLS!  Please remember this!
After installation in the variable SHRIFT le-
its beginning lives on. Font length 2048 bytes. On
the output after INSTALL in registers DE will be
address for the second font, no larger size
more than 2048 bytes.  Used for printing
a mask that hasdouble-byte view:    
                                          
 32 #0800 42 #0603 51 #0507 64 #040F
                                          
where the high byte means the letter size in
pixels, and the least significant one in mask bits when re-
chat. If an alternative (additional)
nitive) font, then to switch to it
need to reorder system dimensions
PIKSEL (if it is different from the main one) and
addresses of the beginning of the font in the system SHRIFT.
Naturally, you need to make settings from
separately fromINSTALL,if this is not the first time.
                                          
       7.DESCRIPTION OF SHELL FUNCTIONS        
                                          
   When writing the shell, the author did not adhere to
lived syntax in English,
therefore the names of labels and subroutines can
sound absurd. Sorry... For reasons
I left no understanding of what you are writing about
everything is as in the original program listing
we. The function number comes first, and then it
name.                                      
                                          
#40  _INSTAL - shell installation.      
   in -HL, installation block.          
   ### -HL,DE,BC,AF                       
   out -HL,address of the function table.         
        DE, the beginning of the second font or the end
           shells.                      
 BC, for connecting RST 16.        
   push-no.                              
                                          
#41  _RAMKA  - window opening function.     
   in -IX,window vector.                   
   ### -IX,HL,DE,BC,AF.                   
   out -***                               
   push-no.                              
                                          
   The function opens a window according to the parameters
meters indicated by the window vector. Written
algorithm so that the print and save cycle
work synchronously, so if there is no co-
commands to save the screen area,
the address #0000 is substituted. This follows
take into account those who have in the address space
The ROM may not even be there...           
                                          
#42 _RESTOR -closes the current window.   
   in - no.                              
   ### -all                               
   out -IX, mother window.              
 push-DE,BC,AF.                         
   sys -(REGWIN)-set.                     
                                          
   The address is taken from the current window vector
mother window, entered into the system
REGWIN and register IX.  Then goes to
removing a window.                            
                                          
#43  _KURSOR - print the cursor.            
   in -VS, cursor position in pixels.    
   ### -IX,HL,DE,BC,AF.                   
   out -***                               
   push-no.                              
   sys -(IX+12) -sp.                    
        (P_KUR1) -set.                    
        (FORMA) - Spanish                    
        (REGWIN) - Spanish                    
        5,(IX+9) -sp. for "REPER" op/off.
                                          
   A very important and serious program in
shell. It sets the course position
ra in pixels, reads mouse ports (channel A
and B) and sets the initial value for
amendmentsmovements. From the window vector is taken
address where the system chain is located and by
it determines the “impact” on the op-
tion.                                      
                                          
#44  _DELKUR - delete the cursor.          
   in - no.                              
   ### -IX,HL,DE,BC,AF.                   
   out -***                               
   push-HL,DE,BC,AF,(IX+5).               
   sys -(REGWIN)-sp.                     
        3+4,7,(IX+5)-sp.                 
                                          
   Normal cursor removal with reaction,
according to the value of bits 3+4,7,(IX+5).       
                                          
#45  _SELECT - menu selection.             
   in - no.                              
   ### -IX,HL,DE,BC,AF.                   
   out -C, (RESPONSE) - menu polling result
        B,(KOMAND) - key polling result
 and mice.                
        AF,(RESPONSE) - menu polling result.
        CF reaction to user action. 
   push-no.                              
   sys -(KOMAND)-use+set.(AT_KUR)-set + use               
        (ADRKUR)-install + use               
        (P_KUR1)-set+use               
                                          
   The coolest shell program ever. After
polling the keyboard she looks at the type of
valid interface and if it was
mouse, then the position is corrected
cursor without braking If not the mouse, then
the cursor acceleration cycle from 1 to
4  pixels. If bit 5,(IX+9) is set,
then the offset will always be 1and you can
poke without pausing to release the keys. On
the output in A will be the menu selection response. But
the answer depends on the state of the flag CF. If
the flag is reset, which means pressing the fire keys
Vish did not happen or happened inside
windows, but not on the menu! In this case, register A is not
equal to #FF - fire is not pressed, normal movement
Cursor movement or silence. If the flag is set
updated - pressed "fire". Register A is equal to #FF
- the click occurred outside the window; not
equals #FF - number of the selected menu! Numbers-
tion starts from scratch. It should be remembered
that pressing the middle or non-fire button
on the mouse is reflected in the response, as if
nothing happens, so it is necessary
view the contents of the cell KOMAND,a
specifically - the bits responsible for the buttons.
See the function description for the bit layout.
INKEY.                                    
                                          
#46  _REPER - bounce protection.         
   in - no.                              
   ### -HL,DE,BC,AF.                      
   out -in                                
   push-all                              
   sys - see "INKEY".                      
                                          
 The program checks all buttons (mouse and
"fire") when pressed and the algorithm will not release
as long as something is pressed.           
                                          
#47  _SOUND- click on the #FE port.         
   in - no.                              
   ### -HL,BC,AF.                         
   out -***                               
   push-all                               
   sys -(BORDER)-sp.                     
                                          
#48  _STOP_M - check for pressing "cancel"
 buttons on the mouse.           
   in - no.                              
   ### -IX,HL,DE,BC,AF                    
   out -AF,result                      
   push-IX,HL,DE,VS                       
   sys - see "K_MOUSE".                    
                                          
   Checksbit 5button ports on the mouse and
if there is no click, then the flag will be Z.B
registerAF the result of this survey.       
                                          
#49  _PRI_SP- print icons.         
   in -E, line D, column in familiar places  
        A, pictogram number.              
   ### -IX,HL,DE,BC,AF.                   
   out -DE, column +3 (picture size)      
   push-no.                              
   sys -(PICPAG)-sp.                     
        (IX+8,9)-sp.                     
                                          
   Prints an icon at the specified number
measure and position in familiar places. Color beret
from the window vector (IX+8). Icon numbering -
ramm starts from scratch. Icon size
standard: 72 bytes, i.e.  three by three
acquaintances. It's easier that way...         
                                          
#4A  _PRHEX - hexadecimal printing of numbers.     
   in -HL, a number from 0 to #FFFF.           
   ### -HL,DE,BC,AF.                      
   out -***                               
   push-HL,DE,BC.                         
 sys -see. "PRINT".                      
                                          
   Prints in the specified format.  Before
The number is marked with "#".#4B  _PRDES - 10-digit printing of numbers.       
   analogue of "PRHEX".                        
                                          
#4С  _PRINT - print one character.      
   in -A, character from #00 to #FF.           
   ### -IX,HL,DE,BC,AF.                   
   out -***                               
   push-HL,DE,BC.                         
   sys -(IX+5,6,7,8)-sp.                 
        (SHRIFT) - Spanish                     
        (PIKSEL)-Spanish                     
                                          
   The main procedure for printing characters in text
tabernacle window. Printing outside is not possible.
on (if you don’t distort the position
tions of printing...).  Upon reaching the right
the edge of the window is automatically translated
to the next one, but if this is the last line
ka, then to its beginning. Letter color from
window vector (IX+8). Letter size and mask
are taken from the system pair PIKSEL.  This
the only subroutine that prints
no character codes less than #20 (32).          
                                          
#4D  _ENTER - translate the print line in the window
 in -no.                              
   ### -HL,AF.                            
   out -HL                                
   push-no.                              
   sys -(IX+6,7).                         
                                          
                                          
#4E  _PRI_C - text printing cycle.        
   in -HL, beginning of the text.                 
   ### -cm. "PRINT".                      
   out -HL,end of text+1                 
   push-no.                              
   sys - see "PRINT".                      
                                          
 Cycle for printing menu texts. End of text
always zero. A number of options are provided for the service
tokens that can be inserted into text.
The end of the text is zero, all codes are less than #14 -
line feed....,#14,... - turns on the inverse printing bit
ty in the window vector.                        
                                          
...,#15,... - turns off the print inversion bit
tee.                                       
                                          
...,#16,...  - switch to free mode
letter sizes. However, there is no specific
system corrections!  Only bit 5,(IX+5)
is reset.                             
                                          
...,#17,n1,n2,n3,n4,... - switch to
alternative user font with cor-
rectification of the dimension of letters, where n1 junior,
n2 high byte of the physical start address
font;  n3 mask for printing a symbol, n4 -
character size in pixels.                
                                          
...,#18,... - letter size is 8 bits....,#19,...  - sets in the system
SHRIFT address of the standard shell font.
                                          
...,#1A,n1,n2,... print the number in hexadecimal
system.                                  
                                          
...,#1B,... - auto-tabulation of relative text
exactly the window boundaries. When working, any byte
except for the color replacement token
text less than the space code is considered
the end of the letter counting operation. Output
corrects the values of the current position of the
chat text.                              
                                          
...,#1С,n1,n2,... - text decompression.
Byte n1 contains the value of the number of
torenium,n2 - character code.                
                                          
...,#1D,n1,n2,... - 10-point printing, where
n1, n2 -number to print....,#1E,n1,n2,... - new print position
text. Byten1indicates the print line
in pixels, n2 - column in familiarity.
All parameters from the edge of the current window!      
                                          
...,#1F,n1,... - replacing the current color with
valuen1.                              
                                          
#4F  _NEW_AT - new text printing position
 in -E, line in familiar places.           
        D,column in pixels.             
   ### -DE,AF.                            
   out -DE                                
   push-no.                              
   sys -(IX+6,7).                         
                                          
#50  _TABUL - centering the text in the window.    
   in -HL, beginning of the text.                 
   ### -HL,BC,AF.                         
 out -HL-1.push-no.                              
   sys -(PIKSEL+1)-sp.                   
        (IX+6) -set.                   
                                          
#51  _CHWIND - connection of the main font
 that shell.               
   in - no.                              
   ### -HL                                
   out - no.                              
   push-all                               
   sys -(SHRIFT)-set                      
        (PIKSEL)-set                      
                                          
#52  _PAGE - switching RAM pages.    
   in -A,page number.                 
   ### -SUN,AF.                            
   out -AF, what is sent to the port #7FFD.      
   push-sun.                               
   sys -(STRAN)-installs.            
                                          
   Switches RAM pages. In the room there is
bit ROM 48 BASIC and full
port addressing #7FFD.                    
                                          
#53  _SCRADR - getting the screen address.
 in -E, line D, column in familiar places. 
   ### -HL,DE,AF.                         
   out -HL,screen address.                
   push-no.                              
   sys - no.                              
                                          
#54  _ATRADR - obtaining the attribute address
 ... - similar to the previous procedure. 
                                          
#55  _INKEY - poll of mouse, keys and joystick.
 in -no.                              
   ### -HL,DE,BC,AF.                      
   out -C,A - result.                  
       -HL -if the mouse worked, then but- 
             cursor position.         
   push-no.                              
   sys - no.                              
                                          
 The main procedure for polling external factors
ditchimpact on the cursor or shell.
Priority is given to the mouse, as the most “nimble”
in the system. The button port is checked and if
there is zero, go further to polling others
devices.     The first pressed (except
central) the button is considered "fire". Yes-
Next, the ports of the travel directions are checked
and are compared with the value of the system ones,
added by the KURSOR function. If there are differences
chiya (the mouse moved), then it is adjusted
value from the system P_KUR1, but not stored
is given, but goes out toHL.Directions to
motion bits are not indicated, but7bit
set as a sign of mouse operation. Answer
located in registers A and C.
mouse bots is setting CF.  Os-
Talent devices are not checked! If not
the mouse is touched, then the keyboard is polled
tour and joysticks (Sinclair right &
Kempston) plus cursors and ENTER. For times
dividing the "sphere of influence" of the cursor keys and
The Sinclair joystick is first polled for
pressingCAPS SHIFT and if not pressed, then
This is Sinclair. Keys used: O-left
P-right Q-ir A-down SPACE/ENTER-fire. For
determining the direction of cursor movement
The following bits are used:              
                                          
 BIT COMMAND BIT COMMAND          
  0  - fire 4 - left            
  1  - down 5 - 2 key mouse     
  2  - ir 6 - 3 key mouse     
  3  - right 7 - mouse 1-op 0-off
                                          
#56  _K_MOUSE - quempston mouse survey.     
    in - no                              
    ### -HL,BC,AF                         
    out -HL,new cursor position.        
        -C,A—survey result.            
    push-sun                               
    sys -(KOMAND)-set, if there is work. 
                                          
   Poll of self-configuring mouse driver.
If there is no mouse controller, then the output is
Z. Only
press buttons and install
the seventh bit as a sign of operation on the mouse.  
                                          
#57  _LOADER - loading a group of sectors.  
    in:HL,download address.                 
       D, track E, sector                    
       B,number of sectors.             
    ### -IX,IY,HL,DE,BC,AF                
    out - see explanation.                  
    push-IX,IY                            
    sys -DRIVE,L23796,ADR_LD.             
                                          
   The function reads sectors by
the specified address. Forcibly prohibits
interrupts and DOES NOT RESTORE! На выходе
флаг ZF имеет результат работы с диском: Z
- ок, NZ - еггог. При ошибке в AF будет ее
код:                                      
                                          
  0 - ок.                                 
  1 - disk еггог.                         
  2 - read  only.                         
  3 - disk пот present.                   
  4 - track пот formatted.                
  5 - break in program.                   
                                          
   Значения HL,DE при "ok" have the following
parameters, at "eggog" - where the ob-
scrap  In registerBthere will be the remainder of the unfinished
tanny sectors. Functions don't care set
sector sizes on the disk. The main thing is not
break the numbering sequence.    
                                          
#58  _SAVER - record a group of sectors.     
    see LOADER                            
                                          
#59  _MOTOR - stop the drive motor.   
    saves everything, modeINTdoes not touch.  
                                          
#5A  _INPUT - input a character string.     
    in -DE, input buffer address.           
         C,maximum string length.     
 (IX+6),(IX+7)-should already be there.   
         IY,23610                         
    ### -allout -AF, exit key code.           
    push-HL,DE,SUN                         
    sys -(INP_KOD)-set.                   
                                          
   Sets EI.  In the system INP_KOD
will be the code of the last pressed (not to be confused with
entered) the key by which the
exit the function. Exit is possible only by
codes less than 32, namely: enter (13),
cursor down (10), break (5), extend, etc.
The function looks like a semi-finished product.  From the outside
initially compiled under the Russian register and
capital letters.                          
                                          
#5B  _STAND1 - standard menu polling. 
 There are no inputs. Works in current vector
rum windows. Performs a transition according to the algorithm
according to the transition address table. When from-
less (outside the window press "fire"or
button "cancel"on the mouse) deletes the current
window and sets the main font for the wallpaper
boxes.  When you select a menu option, the current window
is not deleted.#5С  _STAND2 - standard menu polling. 
 Complete analogue of the previous function for
except that the current window when you
bore option is removed.                     
                                          
#5D  _SETKUR - select the shell cursor.    
    in -A, cursor number                 
   The system  FORMA enters the address of the form
cursor.  The shell has three types of cursor,
distinguished by numbers - 0,1,2. To specify
of its species, located outside the shell-
ki, you need to substitute your own in the system FORMA
meaning.                                 
                                          
#5E  _BREAK - poll of this key.         
    in - no.                            
    ### -AF                               
 push-no.                             
    out -AF,result.If there is a key press break, then
in AF there will be #05 and NZ. Otherwise
zero and Z.                                 
                                          
#5F  _IN_1F - poll of register #1F on VG-93.
 Sets DI. Saves all settings
hystra.  The output in AF has the value of
VeGashki register. Use in case of mistaken
in situations with disk functions,
boxes are meaningless due to the peculiarities of the
writings of these very functions.               
                                          
#60  _SBIT - active bit calculation.   
   The function is made to determine the bit,
which at the moment of pressing "fire" is indicated -
shaft cursor.It’s useful to know if you suddenly re-
you want to extinguish the anti-bounce protection in the flag
and draw with the cursor. The answer is in AF.
                                          
 8. EXAMPLE OF WORKING WITH THE SHELL       
                                          
  ╔══════════ ═════════════════════════╗   
  ║ I N S T A L L W I N D O W S ║#  
  ╚═════════════════ ══════════════════╝#  
   ########################################  
                                          
        ORG #6000                     
        INCBIN "WINDOWS8";object code  
                                          
OS EQU #6000;entry point             
STRAN EQU OS+3 ;current page number  
REGWIN EQU OS+4 ;current window vector     
STACK EQU OS+6 ;standard position SP   
SHRIFT EQU OS+8 ;address of the current font   
PIKSEL EQU OS+10;letter size in pixels.    
FORMA EQU OS+12;cursor shape address     
K_SPR EQU OS+14;number of saves       
ADRKUR EQU OS+15;scr. address course.        
AT_KUR EQU OS+17;AT cursor in familiar places
P_KUR1 EQU OS+19;^ column in pixels.       
P_KUR2 EQU OS+20;^ line in pixels.        
SETBIT EQU OS+21;active bit            
BORDER EQU OS+22;color                    
INP_KOD EQU OS+23;INPUT exit code   
RESPONSE EQU OS+24;select menu number       
KOMAND EQU OS+25;key polling result 
DRIVE EQU OS+27;drive 0,1,2,3           
L23796 EQU OS+28;analog 23796            
ADR_LD EQU OS+30;next adr. if OK operat. 
B32 EQU #0800;mask for 8 bits letter    
B42 EQU #0603;6 bit letter          
B52 EQU #0507;5 bit letter          
B64 EQU #040F;4-bit letter         
                                          
      List of function numbers windows`98   
                                          
_INSTAL EQU #40;installation              
_RAMKA EQU #41;window printing              
_RESTOR EQU #42;deleting a window            
_KURSOR EQU #43;print cursor           
_DELKUR EQU #44;deleting the cursor         
_SELECT EQU #45;menu option selector      
_REPER EQU #46;anti-bounce       
_SOUND EQU #47;click                   
_STOP_M EQU #48;checking cancellation with the mouse   
_PRI_SP EQU #49;icon printing       
_PRHEX EQU #4A;hex print HL            
_PRDES EQU #4B;dec print HL            
_PRINT EQU #4С;print one character    
_ENTER EQU #4D;print line feed    
_PRI_C EQU #4E;print a line of text     
_NEW_AT EQU #4F;new print position     
_TABUL EQU #50;centering a line of text  
_CHWIND EQU #51;windows main font   
_PAGE EQU #52;switching RAM pages 
_SCRADR EQU #53;screen address           
_ATRADR EQU #54;attributeaddress         
_INKEY EQU #55;full control poll  
_K_MOUSE EQU #56;quempston mouse survey     
_LOADER EQU #57;loading a group of sectors 
_SAVER EQU #58;sector group entry   
_MOTOR EQU #59;disable motor 
_INPUT EQU #5A;enter a character string     
_STAND1 EQU #5B;selector. The window remains  
_STAND2 EQU #5С;selector. The window is deleted 
_SETKUR EQU #5D;set cursor (0,1,2)       
_BREAK EQU #5E;break click poll      
_IN_1F EQU #5F;poll of port #1F on VG93  
_SBIT EQU #60;active bit after SELECT
                                          
  ╔══════════ ═════════════════════════╗   
  ║  D E M O V I S I O N║#  
  ╚═══════════════════════════════════╝#  
   #####################################  
                                          
        ORG  #8000   ;user soft           
        LD   HL,(#5С51) ;сохранить теку-  
        LD   (L5C51),HL ;щий поток rst    
        LD   HL,TABINST ;блок install     
        LD   (TABINST+16),SP;стандарт     
        CALL OS         ;вызов оболочки   
        DEFB _INSTAL    ;номер функции    
                                          
;out:HL,начало таблицы адресов функций    
;    DE,начало альтернативного шрифта     
;    ВС,адрес подключения RST 16          
                                          
        LD   (#5С51),ВС ;подключ. rst 16  
        JR   CONTI      ;и так далее...;`````````````````````````````````````````
;------ ИНСТАЛЛЯЦИОННЫЙ БЛОК WINDOWS -----
                                          
TABINST DEFB 0       ;BORDER            0 
        DEFB 0       ;PICPAG            1 
        DEFB 0       ;page сохранений   2 
        DEFW TABSOHR ;сист. сохранений  3 
        DEFW TABSPR  ;буфер сохранений  5 
        DEFW TABPIC  ;где пиктограммы   7 
        DEFW #1010   ;P_KUR1            9 
        DEFB 0       ;DRIVE             11
        DEFB #01     ;LD_MIN            12
        DEFB #10     ;LD_MAX TR-DOS     13
        DEFB #01     ;SV_MIN            14
        DEFB #10     ;SV_MAX TR-DOS     15
        DEFW 0       ;STACK             16
        DEFB 1       ;N_KURS 0,1,2      18
                                          
L5C51   DEFS 2  ;сохранение потока RST 16 
                                          
;------ Буфер и системные сохранений -----
;Предполагаемые размеры:                  
;TABSOHR:30 байт для 5 окон. 5*6=30       
;TABPIC :1440 байт для 20 пикт. 72*20=1440
;TABSPR :вся оставшаяся память страницыTABSOHR EQU #С000       ;5 окон   30      
TABPIC  EQU TABSOHR+30  ;20 pick  1440    
TABSPR  EQU TABPIC+1440 ;сюда сохранять...
;`````````````````````````````````````````
                                          
CONTI   LD      IX,R_DEMO;вектор окна     
        LD      (REGWIN),IX;заносить толь-
        CALL    OS       ;ко первый раз!!!
        DEFB    _RAMKA   ;open window     
        LD      HL,Т_DEMO;текст в окне    
        RST     16       ;после install   
        DEFB    _PRI_С   ;можно rst 16    
CONTI1  LD      ВС,(P_KUR1);позиция курс. 
        CALL    OS       ;print cursorDEFB    _KURSOR                   
DEMKA1  CALL    OS       ;вызов селектора 
        DEFB    _SELECT  ;меню            
        JR      NC,DEMKA1;нет выбора      
        OR      A        ;за пределами    
        JP      M,OTMENA ;окна?           
        CALL    OS       ;удалить курсор  
        DEFB    _DELKUR                   
        CALL    OS       ;защита от дре-  
        DEFB    _REPER   ;безга           
        LD      L,(IX+14);адрес таблицы   
        LD      Н,(IX+15);переходов по JP 
        ADD     A,A      ;из номера меню  
        LD      Е,A                       
        LDD,0                       
        ADD     HL,DE                     
        LD      Е,(HL)   ;адрес перехода  
        INC     HL       ;на user подпрог-
        LD      D,(HL)   ;рамму           
        PUSH    DE       ;run program     
        RET                               
                                          
OTMENA  CALL    OS       ;защита дребезга 
        DEFB    _REPER                    
        CALL    OS       ;удалить курсор  
        DEFB    _DELKUR                   
        CALL    OS       ;удалить окно    
        DEFB    _RESTOR                   
        LD      SP,(STACK);станд. значение
;здесь надо возврат вselection cycle for   
;normal running around the windows...          
;       JR CONTI1                    
                                          
_RET LD HL,(L5C51);restore   
        LD (#5С51),HL;flow rst 16   
        EI ;and exit from     
        RET ;programs      
                                          
;example of entering a line of text               
                                          
INP_TXT LD DE,#0006;print position   
        RST 16 ;input string  
        DEFB _NEW_AT                   
        RST 16 ;triggering protection 
        DEFB _REPER ;output   
        RST 16 ;by enter, because   
 DEFB    _REPER  ;он есть "fife"!  
        LD      DE,BUFTXT;буфер ввода     
        LD      С,22    ;макс.размер line 
        RST 16          ;вызов input`а    
        DEFB    _INPUT                    
        RST 16          ;возврат в селек- 
        DEFB    _REPER  ;тор текущего ок- 
        JR      CONTI1  ;на               
                                          
;------ Пример окна -------               
                                          
R_DEMO  DEFB    6,8,20,9,114,1,0,0,0,#9С  
        DEFW    R_DEMO,S_UPR,J_UPR        
        DEFB    #1B,"Управление",0        
Т_DEMO  DEFB 13,#1B,"Kempston mouse",13   
        DEFB #1B,"Kempston joy",13        
        DEFB #1B,"Sinclair joy II",13     
        DEFB #1B,"Cursor key",13          
        DEFB #1B,"QAOP Space, Enter",13,0 
S_UPR DEFB 6,10,20,1,6,15,20,1,#FF      
J_UPR DEFW _RET,INP_TXT              
                                          
BUFTXT DEFS 41 ;for input buffer 
                                          
   NOTES.  Based on how constant
early programmers tried to work with
shell, I decided to comment separately
some nuances.  For menu selection
you don't have to type it every time
sequence of functions _KURSOR,_SELECT
and so on. The beauty of the shell is
that the branching of the algorithm for each
the open window is bound to the window vector.
This way you can dial the above-
the specified sequence (in the example
this is from the mark CONTI1  to OTMENA enable
strictly) and then carry out selectionname-
but with this fragment! Look carefully
Here is an example of working with the shell and you will understand
no problem! THE COMPANY GUARANTEES.       
                                          
   Another important nuance for lovers
tel to intercept the output in 48Kb ROM
via RET at 23746. Disco functions
output operations and register reading #1F also
make such an interception that they score three
bytes at the above address. Therefore
ensure their timely installation,
if necessary.                           
                                          
              9. CONCLUSION               
                                          
   This is how it turned out. How are you already
guessed it - the origin of the shell is from
the beloved program was once beloved by many
well-known Spectrum hacker Nikolai
Rodionova "DCU 2.xx". This version is
is the eighth alteration of that
wind.  At this stage, work to improve
development has been curtailed, as further
bells and whistles require additional resources
memory, which in this case is no longer acceptablemo.  Who wants to develop further in this
direction - STS into your hands...