Spectrofon #01 31 декабря 1993

Игры

Warm greetings - article from PC-Review on flight simulators.

        Warm greetings


   Today our guest is
e-magazine "PC-REVIEW",
first issued in
released in early January 1994.
Currently, their second
issue. Owners IBMsovmestimyh machines will find in this
magazine very interesting. Here
and reviews of game programs,
research and analysis of widespread gaming, correspondence
with readers, reviews of foreign
media, game studies, and more
another.



   Our colleagues have kindly offered to us for publication on
SPECTROFONa pages, material on aviaimitatoram,
from the latest issue of PC-REVIEW.



   Problems arising from
sinkleristov during development aviaimitatorov practically 
nothing more than not different from those of users IBM. 
Therefore, we believe that this material will be useful

for anyone who tries to find the optimal tactics in the air
match.



  Sergei Simonovic, 1994.


      ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES

         Air Combat


          Introduction.

          ~~~~~~~~~~~


   At any aircraft not only
have to fly to our fans aviaimitatorov. And I must say at once 
that not all of them are designed to maintain air fights. There 
are aircraft of air support for ground forces (their problem - 
the application of missile and bomb strikes against ground 
targets) and there are planes, especially

destined to win
dominance in the air. Ie a tactical
fighter-bombers, and
There are fighter-interceptors.



   But for whatever military aircraft you fly and usually
time and place of air combat is not
choose, and you should be able to survive in
any conditions.


   I must say that survival in
air combat is largely dependent
on the dynamic characteristics
Your aircraft, and they are known, are not the best, if
aircraft to the limit raketnobombovym loaded with arms, so to
Moreover, "the eyeballs" filled
fuel. Therefore, if there
choice, try to
engage in a dogfight is not
when you're flying on a combat
job, and if successful
otbombivshis, you go back
to the base.



  By the way, the effectiveness of the
defense and
fighter aircraft is determined not only and not so much
how many planes attacking
side were shot down, and the fact that
forcing the enemy hard
maneuver, you many times
reduces the accuracy of his punches, and
In many cases, and generally forcing reset their deadly cargo 
anywhere, if only unload the aircraft.



  An additional effect of the air defense is that
perform the maneuver, the adversary system often breaks down 
fighting their aircraft, and is often

equivalent to the failure of a mission.



   In this article we will explore
with some (most basic) techniques of behavior in a dogfight. 
Beginning with the times First World War, these techniques

have come a long way of development and
improvement, but even the most
elementary technique, if it
applied correctly, will help you
alive to return to base and fly the next mission for the new 
awards. 


   In an air battle you will be asked the limiting concentration
all piloting skills, so we believe that you have previously 
learned to fly at his plane quite confident. Solutions in a 
dogfight taken in a split second

There is no time for reflection and
All operations must be carried
automatically.


   In order to successfully fight the air battle, it is 
necessary skillfully maneuver. Maneuver - that means frequently 
and quickly change direction and

speed. Now let us remember Newton's first law:

| If your body is not acted upon by external forces, it saves 
the state of uniform motion | 


   Remember? And since the uniform and rectilinear motion
- Is that we just really
and do not need, then we need to on our airplane
acted by external forces and the
more, the better.



    "Fab Four"

    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


   What forces act on
Your plane?


   Firstly, this engine thrust. You can manage it.
In any aircraft simulator
have the opportunity to increase traction
(THRUST).


   Secondly, the force of air resistance. The higher the speed, 
the higher the force. More it depends on the cross-sectional 
area of ​​your aircraft. Manage it you can not, but

can use it, for example
in order to quickly pay off
speed of horizontal flight.
Please note that this
force is not necessarily opposed to tractive force.



   There is a certain 'angle
attack "between the direction of thrust
engines and the free stream direction. Typically, this
acute angle, while those who saw
"Pugachev Cobra" (when a jet is flying tail first), must 
understand that this angle can be blunt.



   Next force - the force of gravity. You control it, in 
reasonable limits can not (except as

dropping the load and cutting off military
mission), but can be used
and must. It is thanks to her
You can "trade off" stock
height of the stock speed - in
This is the basis of many maneuvers.



   The last force, without which
will not fly any aircraft -
lift. You can manage it and, moreover, is very effective. 
Lifting force is formed due to two effects. Firstly, due to the 
angle of attack. Since the incoming air stream falls on the 
plane the plane at a certain angle (the angle of attack), then 
a vertical component, "buoyant"

plane up. This component
is fundamental in modern
jet aircraft. But there is
Another component of the lift force. Profile of an airplane wing
made so that he
air stream, which flows around the wing from above, has several
greater speed than the stream
which wraps around the wing from below.


   Of course in physics can
Remember the law of Bernoulli is that the
higher rate in the flow, the lower
pressure in it. Therefore, we find that the air pressure under
wing is slightly higher than over
him. As a result, the wing
operates the lift. This
component plays an important role
on low-speed aircraft, in
particularly at the screw and more
bigger role in the non-motorized gliders. By the way, that's why
the ratio of wing area to the area of ​​the entire aircraft 
with screw much more than reactive, while gliders - max. That 
is why and make on many planes modifiable

geometry wing (so that jets can fly at
low altitudes at lower speeds by increasing wing area).

   Thus, effective
control of the aircraft in combat and maneuvering effectively 
thwarted by the fact the effective management and use of this

"Four Forces", and how well they are used in one
aircraft and poorly in another, already
depends on the dynamic characteristics of the aircraft itself, 
that is, from the fact that he invested

designers.



       Energetics of flight.

       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   To begin with, we say:
pilot who was caught flying
low speed at low altitude - it's a bad driver. True,
there are situations where it is
just need to force some specific considerations.

   But in general he
too few opportunities for
combat with the enemy. Indeed, in
dogfight largely determines
speed. And he can not
quickly dispersed (high resistance to air at low altitude) or 
dived, accelerated by gravity. Note also that thrust jet engine 
depends on the speed with which ejected the burned gases. A

they are emitted at low altitudes is worse, because there is 
pressure ambient air. Well

as jet engines
develop cravings at altitudes around 10 km where the air 
pressure is sufficiently small. Thus, the rate of

for the pilot in a dogfight
life, and its absence - death.
Low altitude and low speed -
a deadly combination.

   There is another unpleasant feature of flight at low 
altitudes. Trying to keep the rate pilots to the limit increase

traction and include afterburner. At the same time
Firstly there is an increased
fuel consumption (which may also
disrupt the mission), and
secondly, working at full
power engines are so glorious beacon for the missile with
infrared-guided, a
only remains to wish.


   Hence the conclusion: if you so
to fly on land
low altitude, then enter the pre-altitude and dive
"Trade off" for its speed without
Forcing engines. Even
gently sloping and short-term reduction allows the aircraft 
(jet) to achieve high speeds. 

   Clearance requires you to
as a reserve power in the battery. It can be gradually
accumulate, and at the right time
use.


   Another case is when your
aircraft can lose speed
and become easy prey for the enemy happens if you do not need 
to Perform turns with high congestion. Even a highly 
maneuverable aircraft can not stay long, "fell on its wing with 
an angle close to 90 degrees. Try on any simulator and make sure

decreases rapidly as speed. When
Incidentally, the aerodynamic
lift force is directed horizontally and is
there is nothing to resist the force of gravity. The aircraft 
is under threat "to fall into a tailspin." 

   In many game programs
this warning message that there is "stall" ("hang").


   Well, the most natural way to extinguish the horizontal 
velocity - it soar steeply. In this way, stored height, which 
was subsequently again will be "trade off" for speed (this is 
similar to storing money in a savings bank).

But here is your own risk. The higher you climb, the more 
visible You face for radio-electronic eyes of the enemy and the

more vulnerable to ground
air defense systems. As a pilot, can choose what you are 
currently important. It depends on what

you have a car, what is your problem and plus from what nature 
has the threat of the enemy. 

       Analysis of the situation.

       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   Energy management of its
flight - a necessary element of
any air operation, especially important during the air
battlefield. But in this battle of the
small. You should not only monitor the energy state of his 
aircraft, but also closely monitor all activities opponent. You 
must constantly be aware of what is happening in the sky and 
quickly, but accurately analyze the situation.



   This is the cornerstone of air
battlefield. A typical mistake beginners
pilots is that they are so
passionate about their own behavior
aircraft that they lose the thread of the
puzzle, which weaves around them the enemy.



   Carried away by "hunting" for the purpose of escaping, they 
forget about other risks and discover

in their tail, "gangster" when it is already too late.
It helps the radar, and some simulators allow you to include
"Look back". In addition, some programs have a second
crew member who can give a tip-off about a message
the threat from behind. But, whatever the
it should keep the situation
in my head and understand what is happening behind, even if the 
"look back" program is not, moreover, that in the heat of 
battle once to switch screens. 



   Another mistake beginners
pilots is that they
inexperience approach to air combat, as the two-dimensional
battle, although it is obviously a three-dimensional. Need as 
quickly as possible to learn to use the third dimension, 
although information about it on the radar screens and flat 
enough. Should master the technique of fighting is not only in 
the horizontal plane, but the attack with other trains in 
height. 


   Despite the fact that modern aircraft electronics crammed 
from top to bottom, designed to assist the pilot, yet the human 
factor was also remains a major factor in air combat. The 
ability of pilots to quickly analyze a situation depends on its 
success. 

   Strange, but true that despite the enormous progress of 
aviation in the past eighty years, the basics of air combat 
what they were, and so remained. Reactive

engines and homing missiles made this fight very fleeting, but 
the essence has not changed whit. Electronics electronics, and 
it's always a dogfight a duel between two men and not

so much depends on how the airplane is equipped with much of 
that as prepared by the pilot. More

experienced always wins, even
if his plane and a bit outdated.


   In practice it is often
and so that the many support systems not only
simplify the life of the pilot, but on the contrary complicate 
his task. 



   The noise they produce besot and caring
from the most important. Imagine
a situation where airborne
Electronics produces a message
starting the aircraft anti-aircraft missiles. In
this point, all the nerves are
at the limit and requires maximum concentration, and here in
onboard communications have been reported from the second 
pilot, blink bulbs readiness of combat weapons, something lit 
on the radar screen, and even go some commands from the ground. 
At the moment pilot experiences a nervous

pregruzku that his brain is blocked and the information before 
it does not reach. 



   During the Vietnam War
Many American pilots have
a rule immediately after
Start off most of the
onboard systems and adopt the basic analysis of the situation 
itself (We do not know if there was any such

same practices and our pilots
Afghanistan). Yes, modern
means equipping fighter-bombers, of course good, but still 
remains the main man, his skill and his

self-preservation instinct, by which he thinks and
operates outside of the possible.


   One of the basic qualities
who bring in pilots of the interceptor is a sense of 
confidence, feeling that he - the best. 


   Without such a feeling in the air battle is better not to 
join. C On the other hand, it has never

borders on self-confidence,
negligence and slowpoke. An experienced pilot, no matter how he 
focused on attacking the responsible moment, however yet 
sufficiently well prepared to instantly calculate the risk and 
take the only right decision.



     Stage of aerial combat.

     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   From the movies we imagine how the air battle. Two aircraft 
make complex maneuvers in the air

to go to the enemy in the tail
and hit him on the back hemisphere. Nevertheless, it is still 
far not all of the air battle, it starts much earlier.


   The loser is usually lost before a
aircraft seized in this dizzying tangle. However, in the
this time she had about it
guesses.



   In a dogfight can distinguish five basic steps:



   1. Detection.


   2. Rapprochement.


   3. Attack.


   4. Maneuvering.


   5. Discrepancy.



   DETECTION. This is a fairly responsible phase of the 
forthcoming aerial combat. You can not

hit something that could not detect. That modern
dogfights occur at great speed and time
take minutes, and seconds, not
leaves no time for pilots
long-term thinking and decision making. Therefore, beat
enemy by their actions even for a few seconds is
paramount importance. Early detection of the enemy allows you to
first begin preparatory
maneuvering and, perhaps,
even catch him off guard. A
and when you will be found,
initiative will have in your hands.



   Modern aircraft are equipped with
powerful radars capable of detecting the enemy at ranges over 
100 kilometers. C On the other hand, the speed of such

that this distance is covered
in a very short time. Early
allows the detection of enemy
You more accurately assess the situation, give extra time to
better decisions and
preparations for his execution, but
and generally contributes to a better
understanding of the situation in the air.


   When you find an opponent (either visually or by radar), it 
can not be ignored mind for a second. With the current speed of 
the aircraft in the sky looks miserable rapidly

moving point.



   Diversion of a split second
may be worth the loss of his sight
and then all the discovery procedure will have to repeat the 
first and it may be too

late. Statistics from all wars
First World to the present day shows that most planes do not 
stray into double-edged air battles. In most cases, the victim 
brought down before they managed to find a hunter. Factor 
surprise has been and remains the most important factor of air

battlefield, so be alert.


   The American pilots during
Vietnam was a saying: "It's
better to have MIG at six than
no MIGs at all "(better to have a MIG
on the tail than no one knows where).



   Incidentally, the term "at six" ("to
tail ") is sometimes used in
programs, simulators, such as
in communications from the second pilot.
He comes from the notion of
dial. If we imagine a clock that 12:00 indicates direction of 
your flight, then 6:00 ("six") is just are you "on the tail."



   CONVERGENCE. This is the second stage
aerial combat. At this stage you
must take some responsibility
decisions that subsequently
may depend on the outcome of the battle.


   Once a target is found, it is necessary to determine its 
identity ("friend or foe"). The second solution - a situation 
assessment and calculation of whether to tie the bout. 


   Normally, before starting the rapprochement of the enemy 
planes produce long-range missiles, guiding the reflected beam. 
This can be done by both sides. Since installing the first 
contact, so knotted relationship to convergence. Apply exactly 
such missiles at long range it is convenient, because it is 
easy to keep enemy aircraft in a narrow range of angles and 
highlight its ray of your radar. Pre-Launch missiles limits the 
ability to maneuver the enemy, he must have

case, as it were with two or three opponents and take the exact 
solution on the tactics of convergence becomes more difficult. 
Those who survive After this first exchange of parcels, may 
continue to phase rapprochement.


   When you make a decision about
that the fight is taken, you should forget everything and focus 
only on him. Main target phase approach is

to both reduce the distance to the enemy, to exit the zone you 
were in the fire would be in a better position. Here

You should immediately take the right decision and proceed to
its implementation. The best position you could take - is, of 
course, six-hour "position. If you go opponent in the tail, it 
will have enormous difficulties. You do not

only be able to confidently pursue the enemy, by repeating it
maneuvers, but also deprives him of the possibility of using 
the onboard weapons, which are generally designed for use in

forward hemisphere.

   However, be careful.
Should accurately assess the rate of
as his own and the opponent. Small "bust", and you swapped.


   If the detection of enemy
was produced using radar, you can be sure
that the enemy is aware of the fact that
You are somewhere nearby. In modern
aircraft have systems to detect that the plane hit
a "flare" enemy radar.
Nevertheless, the fact that the enemy is aware of your presence 
does not mean that he knows where you are and what

You're doing. So, you always have a chance to maneuver closer 
before he had time to analyze the situation. 



   To some extent, self-
convergence may depend on whether you have a battle plan.
The term "convergence" does not mean that you must choose
to the enemy as close as possible.
Sometimes step closer ends when the planes separated
a few tens of kilometers. Conventionally, we can assume that
rapprochement end if
when aircraft are in the zone
normal vision. In other words, the closer ends
if all your systems
weapons, including short-range system can work on enemy 
aircraft. 


   During rendezvous for a second one should not forget that
that the enemy poses a
exactly the same problem and what
advantageous to him, is not beneficial to you.


   Therefore, during rendezvous
Your main ally is
speed. Thanks to her, you perform their actions so
quickly as possible, reducing the enemy time to think and
execution of their plans.


   When convergence is over, you go to the third phase
air combat, and it can
proceed differently, depending on what the outcome
rapprochement. In principle,
three situations: when you capture the results of convergence
advantage when you're lost
advantage to the enemy and when the parties' positions are 
equivalent (closer ended with "draw"),.



   ATTACK. If the results
approach you took advantage of the situation, then further
all proceeds simply. It is necessary to perform the necessary 
operations Targeting military weapons, press the button and do 
not forget to dodge the enemy's debris. 


   Things are not so
if dominance
belongs to the enemy. Here your
task - to shake off the enemy with
tail at the first opportunity
and swap places with him. And it
at least you are obliged by their
maneuvers to obstruct
his aim.


   If neither you nor your opponent
the results of convergence have not won a decisive superiority, 
then maneuvering to both sides is just beginning.

. Kqu loser will be the party
which was the first mistake.
Second chance to fix it most likely will not be so
Try to have a failure
were not you.



   Maneuvering. If someone
destined to make a mistake and die, it is probably
happens at this phase.
Anyone who correctly chooses
desired maneuver or perform his
carelessly, he would give the enemy
an invaluable chance to win. Here
this particular phase of the battle we just
most often shown in movies,
when aircraft are weaved into a puzzling rivals tangle in
search for a good time to
lodge an enemy missile or
turn from the gun.


   Those maneuvers, which in this case
apply, have long been known
long. This is the usual stunt and come here
something new probably impossible. All it's only right
selecting the desired shape and thoroughness of its execution. 
If you want to win in the air

battles, you need to properly
practice in the performance
these figures, but not only ... You
must also learn to easily identify those maneuvers that
Your opponent begins to
time to time to take retaliatory action.


  The main purpose of maneuvering -
go to the enemy in the tail, and when it is executed, then the 
second goal - To remain there as long as the enemy will not be 
shot down. 


   But all this is easier said than
do so, because the enemy poses
in front of exactly the same purpose.


   Your task is to execute the maneuvers at high speeds is much 
more complicated congestion arising at the turns. If the modern 
aircraft able to withstand the overload

a dozen "g", then for a pilot congestion in the 5-6 "g" is 
already significant. At the sharp turn the body into the seat 
and the press in even the touch of a button

becomes difficult. They say that when the overload point 
downwards, the blood pours in legs and eyes dark, and when they 
are directed upward, opposite the blood rushes to your head and 
his eyes fill with purple shroud, where the first case is 
better than second.



   Do not forget about it, performing steep turns, and we are 
now look at some basic

maneuvers.


   COMBAT TURN. This maneuver
allows you to quickly change the direction of flight and to 
disrupt the attack opponent, knocking him aiming. Combat turn 
holds with a roll of 90 degrees,

The radius of turn try
do the minimum possible to
taking into account the allowable loads.
Since this maneuver significantly reduced speed, the
opponent has not responded
in time it may overtake
You. Do not miss out will enable you to "sit on his
tail. "



   Even if the opponent and be able to
retrace your maneuver and will not miss your advantage, you 
still as a rule depriving him of opportunities to use their 
weapons accurately. And even if you do not get away from the 
enemy, it is still fighting spread will give you time to think 
about the situation and prepare a maneuver that you will start 
immediately after exit from the fighting spread. You

can never win if you'll just have to defend.
Conventional combat rotation begins a series of maneuvers at 
the end of which will be your attack. 


   EARLY TURN. If stage
convergence front ends
attack, with the help of this maneuver can be prepared from 
entering tail of the enemy.




   Your task - to predict a
which side will collapse
opponent and turn a little earlier
in the opposite direction. Maneuver -
double. So, turning to the right,
You will soon have to turn to the left, trying to come
opponent in the tail. Predict
turn out to be a rival, to some extent you can,
if it was previously on
released from a distance
missile. If the missile, for example,
is in the right hemisphere, then
opponent is likely to be
go left.


   The maneuver is designed for inexperienced opponent, who can
with delayed response.



   SCISSORS. This is a series of rotations
and counter-reversals, the aim of which
the same - go to your opponent in a ponytail.
Particularly common maneuver is applied after a frontal 
convergence when both players turned in

one side. The main task -
skip opponent slightly forward, which should reduce speed to 
the minimum possible. Those who remain behind, he and

must win this battle. Traction
engine is reduced to a minimum, you can use the flaps, but 
should take precautions from hovering aircraft and falling 
through to the tailspin.



   BARREL. This is a series of coups
through the wing, but the direction of the aircraft when it 
should remain constant.



   The main task - to increase
force and air drag to slow down. If the enemy is "hung" from 
behind, he can out of inertia "slip" past and you will reverse 
roles. 


   TURN-Immelman. This maneuver is named after the Max
Immelman, the German ace times
World War I, which
introduced it into practice. "Immelman"
- A half-loop with a half-roll.
Starting position - horizontal flight may be the nose
slightly raised up. For accurate
execution of this maneuver to
have good speed. The programs, simulators since the first
World War II, this technique is very rarely - planes do not
had sufficient speed.



   Admission is straightforward: arm to the limit takes on, the 
plane soars steeply and, if the stock speed was adequate, there 
is a loop. At the top point of the loop execution maneuver 
ends. Since plane at this time is going up

chassis, then return it to its normal position by using the 
flip. 


   This is a very effective technique,
as it allows you to immediately and change direction by 180
degrees, and gain margin of adjustment, and to prepare a 
surprise attack. The disadvantage is the need for high speed and

significant slowing of the aircraft. The enemy can strike
slow target missiles, and can
use the loss of speed,
to escape unscathed from the fighting.

   COUP. This is exactly the opposite Immelman. If you do not
speed for the execution of Immelman, you can do the same
thing, but the loop does not execute
upwards and downwards, ie start with
dive, which will be recruited
the required speed. Difference
consists in the fact that if
flip in immelmane performed after the maneuver,
here must turn over to
entrance to the maneuver.


   Limitation for this maneuver is the need to reserve
in height. If not, then the maneuver is not applicable.


   LOOP. This is a full circle
in the vertical plane. As
you can see, we can assume that the loop
- A combination of Immelman and
Revolution or vice versa.


   The maneuver is convenient because of its
a result, you can not only
skip opponent forward, but
and the fact that at the exit from the maneuver
Your weapons are already provided in
position, easy-to-military
application.


   How to start a loop - a coup or, conversely, with Immelman, 
your cause, it depends on the specific situation. In the 
calculation is your height and speed, as well as the position 
of the enemy. 


   Discrepancies. This is a critical
part of the air battle. Of course
the best way to get out of it -
is to bring down his opponent. But
for various reasons it may
be possible.


   Maybe you have run out
missiles, maybe you understand
that you are in this fight not to win,
and the aircraft is very expensive, it is worth
try to save. Maybe
You running out of fuel. Causes
can be much, but sooner or
nastupet later when you
start thinking about,
but as a "get out of this mess."


   Given the high rate of
advanced missile air-to-air missiles and their considerable 
range steps out of the battle is much harder than enter

in it. We must first and foremost as a
away from the opponent and try to increase the distance between
You before he will understand that
You have in mind. This requires accurate
calculation, without which one can die while trying to escape.


   If your opponent's missiles
not (the simulator since the Second World, etc.) or if he has 
them expended, the task is greatly simplified. The only 
important thing go beyond the effective kill zone gun and 
machine gun fire. Even if it was attached

you "on the tail and will meet
escort you home, that's his business, damage will be a little 
bit. 


   The enemy, armed with missiles have a much more "long arm". 
Even if your yield from the battle was a success, you all

still get a last farewell launch rockets and to prevent it you 
can not, though, of course, missile defense and skillful 
maneuvering can you and save. 



   If you accurately calculate your
supplies of fuel, then when you exit
battlefield will help you complete traction engines, and maybe 
Fast and the Furious (If provided by the program). It is also 
possible that Your opponent also has a

fuel problems, so he
may not dare to prosecute - it is also necessary to get to 
their base. By the way, this reason that retirement should be 
made not in any random direction, namely, where is your base. 


   One of the most convenient for
out of the battlefield maneuvers is
coup, especially if the dive down to perform a full
traction and boost.



   If, however, before finally
flip done battle
reversal of quenching the horizontal velocity, then it's a 
great combination, not only to "break away", but can be rid of 
the last fired after her "gifts".



       Fight with the use of

  cannon and machine-gun weapons.

  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


   The flowering of fighting with
this type of weaponry has fallen
into the Korean War, and through the years
fifteen came to a temporary "decline." By the beginning of the 
war in Vietnam theorists like ours,

and in America, came to the conclusion
that the era of missiles
put an end to guns and cannons in aviation.

   They proceeded from the fact that it is now to defeat the 
enemy aircraft is sufficient to have at

onboard radar and time press
the right buttons. Further homing missile itself will take its 
toll and the enemy of He will not go anywhere.


   The basis of this conclusion
they put the idea that
enormous speed of the aircraft of their
battle on the ranges
two or three kilometers, it is unlikely and at large distances 
or gun or guns do not work.

Moreover, they believed that
aircraft and will not be able to come together in
within the visibility
(A typical battle since the Korean
war), because airborne missile
weapons will not allow it to do. Vietnam War clearly 
demonstrated how the same They were wrong.


   The pilots quickly learned to maneuver and avoid the threat 
of homing missiles and important

element of the air battle again
steel aircraft guns. More
addition, experience has shown that high-speed aircraft are 
characteristic of the stages of convergence of aircraft in 
aerial combat, but when they have already agreed to a duel, then

every pilot is not seeking to increase speed and reduce, to be 
"on the tail of the enemy. Velocity of air combat were clearly 
peuvelichennymi. All of it was from the First

world, so it remained. Everything is so
the same art work with guns and
guns was reduced to
to enter the enemy "in the tail
(Where he can not shoot)
and at close range vlepit
in his charge lead.


   In addition to "six hour" position
Guns can also be used while
at an angle to the direction of motion
enemy aircraft. In this case, the shooting must be conducted 
with some anticipation of rate

enemy aircraft and fire, has the nature of the barrier.
The most convenient way - to put
before opponent cloud shells and wait until he is in
He will fly.


       Fight with the use of

   shells "air-to-

   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   Modern aircraft are equipped with two types of jet
homing missiles, which differ in the control system:


   - With radio and electronic homing devices;

   - With the infrared (heat)
homing.


   Each has its advantages and disadvantages, and their
need to know and correctly apply
one or another type of weapon in
specific environment.


   RADIOELECTRONIC guidance system. Missiles in this class
are two main categories: with
semi-active homing head, and with an active homing head. The 
first demand to the plane that produced them,

continued to keep the enemy at
sight at all times
missile and the "lights" would
him with his radar. Launch is induced by the beam, reflected 
enemy aircraft. 



   Such a method of targeting a few inconvenient, as it is 
necessary all the time "to" the enemy, but

but first of all at large
distances is not as difficult as
Secondly, and aerodynamics of
missiles solved more easily (they are not
requires such a high maneuverability, as the missiles for close 
combat) and the electronics get simpler, besides a possible by 
encoding illuminating analysis of the Doppler signal and the 
effect of receiving the head to distinguish signals from the 
target and the clutter and not to miss the past through

filter takes the head.


   Missiles with active head
homing themselves emit light and catch its reflection from the 
target. 



   They are more convenient, since your
the problem is reduced only to the fact
to bring them to combat readiness, and when the goal of 
"captured", they can run and forget. After their run you can 
continue their maneuvers. 



   Thermal (infrared) guidance system. These missiles are 
induced by thermal radiation, emanating from enemy aircraft. 
They are very comfortable on short distances of several 
kilometers. They also do not require support from pilots 
themselves choose a goal that has the greatest thermal 
radiation in within the cone of its review.




   In close air combat them
should be used with certain
caution, because they absolutely do not care who is induced - 
on enemy aircraft or on your own. Early models did not

has high reliability,
for example, they often "captured" the sun or reflected 
sunlight in the upper layers of clouds and went off target. 
Modern missiles are much more reliable and not always even heat 
"traps" (flares) in a position to knock down them with the 
wing. The most recent samples can clearly highlight the most 
teploispuskayuschie zone in enemy aircraft. They can be

let the target from any angle,
and not necessarily behind. Such
models are easy to avoid passive
noise and can depart from them
only maneuver.



      If you have been

        missile attack.

      ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~



   Your first task - to avoid
attack enemy missiles and, in the first place, missile surface 
to air. They are smarter, their Air brothers and their fool is 
not so simple. If the software simulator allows route selection 
for execution flying mission, it's worth thinking about how to 
lay it, avoiding if possible dangerous areas (and they are

Typically, a well-known for aeronautical and space exploration).



   But this is not always possible.
Sometimes the purpose of your job so well protected (eg
Baghdad as "Operation Storm
Desert), which break bypass
ground-based launchers can not.


   For the electronic environment around your aircraft 
continuously monitor specific system. They warn you that you're 
in the rays of the enemy's radar. In many programs, they warn 
about that made missile launch

Defense (this may be sound
signal or a text message
on the screen). Often you and warn of the approach of enemy 
missiles. In this situation, You have two options: to start an 
anti-missile maneuver or use of clutter. 

   If you decide to apply
missile maneuver, then see "Analysis of the situation."
The bottom line is that you should always
be alert to any second
ready to bring its plan to
care from enemy missiles
action. If, after the signal
You will be approaching missiles
think about how to escape from it,
you dead. Think it was necessary
earlier, when the threat was not, and
here we must act.

   To avoid the missiles can be used the same maneuver on
that we talked about when
considered a dogfight.
True, the situation is slightly more complicated, because the 
missiles are flying faster than planes and, besides, their 
electronics are not makes a reflection, as

the brain alive, and because the pilot did not
no time to waste.


   On the other hand, this is the case, and easier. After the 
rocket to cheat once, return it no longer can. Therefore, for 
all occasions Care of missiles you can work out

one set of maneuvers to bring the
it to perfection all the time
apply it automatically. If you normally hone their
action, it can fairly
confidently evade missiles and even
without losing the overall direction of the target flight 
mission. 


   First of all, do not lose your head and not panic. Since
rocket flies faster, she and
turning radius is greater than
You and you have a chance to escape from it.


   If a missile with priblizhetsya
rear hemisphere, you can make a sharp U-turn on the arc
which is entirely left in
arc, which will be developed rocket. It is important to
is the exact timing
the beginning of a reversal. Better to start
maneuver at the last possible moment. If you start it too
early, the missile, acting according to the algorithm of the 
"scissors," able to keep track of your manipulation. Well, if 
we begin to maneuver too late ... you know.



   If the missile is approaching
You at an angle, you can maneuver the turn in the direction of 
the rocket. Here the problem is to make the angle between the 
direction of the rocket and your focus was and remained blunt.


   Then eventually you again
is inside its tight turning radius and it is well you
pass.

   If the missile is approaching from the front, then the 
process of escaping from it - fire-. We have to do part-time 
military reversal (90 degrees), and then follow the same 
technique that described in the preceding paragraph.



   Statement of the clutter.

   ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

   Passive means to combat
suggestive missiles mostly
There are two types: a dipole
reflectors and infrared traps. There are still a false target,
but they have considerable weight and therefore on tactical 
aircraft do not apply, and are used for strategic bombers. 


   Chaff placed in containers and suspended under the wings. 
This band Rosanna metal foil,

dimensions are calculated
so that well reflect the radio waves given wavelength. This 
passive noise can "Dazzling" missile homing head and leads her 
away from this goal. The main problem - put disturbance is then

when needed, not sooner than later. If this is done too early, 
the missile will be able to switch on the plane, but if you 
make it too late, the noise did not have time to work. The best 
result gives the ejection of interference when the missile is 
about five kilometers away from you. 



   Infrared traps are designed for the disposal of aircraft 
missiles with thermal homing head. They fire back with volleys 
of several eggs at once. Length of time burning heat traps 
small - the order of 5 ... 10 seconds. For this

while homing missile
must "catch" a false target
and to lose this. However,
after being captured
psevdotsel burnt out,
missile could again start searching
goals, and if you have not done any maneuver, its new goal
may well become again your
aircraft. Since the supply of infrared traps, as well as the 
dipole reflectors on tactical aircraft is very limited,

use them should be used sparingly
and economically.



   In conclusion, the practical
advice. To trust their lives to such unreliable methods as
passive interference, this pilot should not be. Interference - 
is, certainly good, but much more reliable anti-missile 
maneuvers. If you work with aircraft simulator, the more

less reliable operation of passive
interference, provided only
the lowest levels of complexity,
at higher levels you will be down in fifty cases
a hundred, if you rely on such protection.