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Текст : ???
Музыка : MIDISOFT
Перевод : ---
Экспорт :Грищенко А.Г.&dr.Stanley(SOI)
Трансляция: Sany
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Эсперанто.
УРОК 1
------
АЛФАВИТ
Алфавит эсперанто построен на основе
латинской графики, состоит из 28 букв;
22 phonemes are indicated in Latin letters
directly, six use la-
Teen letters with diacritics
(Table 1).
Table 1
+-------+--------+--------------+
| Letters |Names| Russians |
| | letters | compliance |
+-------+--------+--------------+
| A a | a | a |
| In | in | b |
| C with | with | ts |
| C^s^ | s^o | h |
| D d | do | d |
| E e | e | e |
| F f | fo | f |
| G g | go | g |
| G^g^ | g^o | jj |
| H n | but | g (aspiration- |
| | | tel.) |
| H^n^ | n^o | x |
| I i | i | and |
| J j | jo | th |
| J^ j^ | j^o | f |
| K K | Co | to |
| Ll | lo | l |
| M m | mo | m |
| Nn | by | n |
| O o | about | about |
| P r | ro | p |
| Rr | go | r |
| Ss | so | with |
| S^s^ | s^o | w || T t | then | t |
| U u | u | y |
| U~ u~ | u~o | y |
| | | (short) |
| V v | vo | in |
| Z z | zo | z |
+ ------+--------+--------------+
PRONUNCIATION
Each letter corresponds to one sound,
Each sound corresponds to one letter.
All sounds are pronounced clearly.
The stress always falls on the penultimate
ny syllable.
VOWELS
Esperanto has five vowel phonemes.
'a' is pronounced like Russian [a]: ana-
nAso, atAKo, dAto.
'e' is pronounced like Russian [e]: eKo-
nomIo, momEnto, mEtro, adrEso, tenIso,
temperatUro. Due to the fact that 'l' is soft
cue sound, 'e' after 'l' sounds closer to
Russian [e]: bilEto, problEmo.
'i' is pronounced like Russian [and]. Pos-
since before 'i' there are no consonant sounds
softened, as in Russian, 'i'
after consonants (especially after 't'and
'd') is pronounced as in the Russian word
"Needles", i.e. slightly approaching [s]:
pionIro, KIno, institUto, apetIto, di-
reKtOro, KandidAto, radIo.
'o' is pronounced like a Russian accent
[about]: fOrmo, mOdo, bibliotEKo, KoncErto,
portrEto. You can't acknowledge something unstressed
'o' as [a], especially at the end of words.
'u' is pronounced like Russian [у]:
frUKto, KomunIsto.
If two vowels are next to each other, they are pro-
are worn separately: poEto, idEo, miliO-
by, partIo, linIo, situacIo, disertacIo,
demoKratIo, federacIo.
CONSONANTS
Esperanto has 23 consonant phonemes.
'r' is pronounced like Russian [r]: rgo-
cEnto, KaraKtEro.
'l' is pronounced softer than in Russian
[la], but harder than in [la]; such a sound
formed when the tip of the tongue is placed
just above the upper teeth: faKultAto, pAl-
mo, fIlmo, rezUlto, lAmpo, plAno, Kilog-
rAmo, metAlo, KlUbo, lUstro.
's' is pronounced like Russian [ts]: Kop-
ferEnco, scEno, medicIno, revolucIo.
's^' is pronounced like [h]: s^ampiOno,
s^oKolAdo.
'g' is pronounced [g]: grUpo, gitA-
go, geografIo, signAlo.
'g^'pronounced softer than the combination
[j] in the words “jungle” and “jersey”, i.e.
like a voiced [h]: etAg^o, ing^eniEro.
'n' corresponds to Ukrainian 'g' or
aspirate sound in a Russian word
"aha": horizOnto, herOo, historIo.
'n^' is pronounced like Russian [x]:
Kolh^ozo, n^ogo, n^emio.
'j' is pronounced like Russian [th] and mo-
can soften the previous consonant; I will-
chi consonant, does not bear stress
and does not affect the place of stress: jubilEo,
projEKto, mAjo, sinjOro, FilipInoj.
'j^' is pronounced [zh]: j^aKEto,
j^urIo.
's' is pronounced like Russian [s]: sol-
dAto, studEnto, KongrEso.
's^' is pronounced [sh]: mas^Ino,
afIs^o, s^oforo, gulas^o.
'v' is pronounced like Russian [v]: va-
gOno, vIno.
'z' is pronounced like Russian [з]: rO-
zo, muzIKo.
'u~' resembles Russian [u] in quickly
spoken words "meow", "howitzer",
"pause"; being consenting, does not bear on
itself stress and does not affect the place of emphasis
rhenium; ai~tomobIlo (=Au~to), ai~tobUso,
ai~togo, KosmonAu~to, pAu~zo, Eu~goro.
The pronunciation of the remaining consonants is not
presents difficulties.
Assimilation of consonants is acceptable, but not
required: absolUta [absolute] or[apsolYuta], eKzamEno [examEno] or [eg-
replaced]
In the names of consonant letters it is added
-o: in, with, с^о, do, fo, etc. Some
abbreviations are read by letter, so
in them every syllable is stressed: USSR
(U-sO-sO-rO), UEA (U-E-A), UK (U-KO).
Others read like ordinary words; if
they end in a vowel, then there is stress
stands on the penultimate syllable: TEJO, EVA,
ASE, ILEI, SEU, if with a consonant, then
on the last syllable: OSER, OKSEJT, IFEF.
SPELLING
Capital letters are used in the same
cases, as in Russian. Transfer
words on the next line are produced in
any place: Es-re-ran-to, Esp-er-a-nto,
E-sper-ant-oh, but preferably one
do not move or leave the letter.
GRAMMAR
Nouns end in
-o: Klaso, fabriKo.
Adjectives (as well as order-
high numerals and possessive places -
estates) end in -a: juna, aKti-
va, speciala, aKtuala, lazura. Attachment-
bodies usually stand in frontnoun-
nymi: nova domo.
Verbs in the indefinite form end in
begin with -i: vidi 'to see', sidi 'si-
child', reKomendi 'to recommend'.
Derivative adverbs end in
-e: serioze 'seriously', faKte 'actually
ki', originale 'original', seKrete
'secretly', 'secretly', ai~tomobile 'in
car', maje 'in May'.
Other parts of speech have no special
endings: minus, plus, tri, nul, nu.
WORD FORMATION
Changing the endings, we get words related to
referring to different parts of speech: intereso
'interest', interesa 'interesting', inte-
resi 'to interest', interese 'interest-
but'. Of the following eight roots,
those adding endings -о, -а, -е, -i
32 words can be formed: sport-, in-
form-, fot-, praKtiK-, reKlam-, organa-
niz-, KritiK-, telefon-.
VOCABULARY
International words make up the main
new Esperanto vocabulary, emphasis on them
does not always coincide with the stress in the analogue
in Russian words:"revolution-
tion", but "revolucIo". Useful to carry out
comparison of Esperanto words with Rhodes
native words in Russian and in others
languages. Thanks to the fact that Esperanto
is based on common European vocabulary,
after mastering the basic Esperanto course
you will find it quite easy to navigate
in a number of European languages, not even studied
tea them, and deepen your knowledge of Russian
language.
PROPER NAMES
1. Proper names taken from the language
kovs who use the Latin alphabet,
keep the original spelling. But we recommend
recommended when using this for the first time
give the name in the text in brackets
writing in Esperanto letters: Auld
(Old), Beaucaire (BoKer), Grosjean-Mai-
pin (Groj^an-Mopen), Kalocsay (Ka-
loc^aj), Lejzerowicz (Lejzerowic^), Ne-
well (Njuu~el), Schwartz (S^varc),
Szathmari (Satmari), Waringhien (Vareng-
jen).
2. When transferring proper names, on-
written in the Russian alphabet, Russian letters
you, who have no correspondence in Esperanto,
are designated as follows:
ь = s^с^: Veres^с^agin, S^с^usev,
S^с^ebetovKa, Blagoves^с^ensK;
ы = i: RibaKov, SiKtivKar, Groznij,Belih^, C^ernovci;
e = e after consonants: FedorenKo, Va-
silevsKij;
je in other cases: Jesenin, Dmit-
rijev, Mendelejev;
∓ = o after 'l' and sibilants: Mogilov,
Gumilov, Lih^ac^ov;
jo in other cases: JolKin, Fjodo-
rov, Vorobjov;
yu = u after 'l': Ludmila, Lubimov;
ju in other cases: JutKevic^,
NeftejugansK, AKtjubinsK;
i = a after 'l': C^elabinsK, Polana,
S^alapin;
ja in other cases: Jalta, Krasno-
jarsK, UljanovsK, SlavjansK, Tatjana;
ь = before 'i', 'o' - j: Iljic^,
Zah^arjin, Ardaljon;
at the end of a word and before consonants:
after 'l' and sibilants it is omitted: Tiras-
pol, Babel, Kerc^;
after the remaining consonants - j: Kazanj,
H^arjKov, Igorj;
ъ - omitted: PodjablonsKij, Ov-
jac^evo.
3. The emphasis in proper names is sokh-
gets wounded in the same place where it stands
in the appropriate language.
4. Proper names are usually not accepted
endings -o: Piron, VaranKin, Lor-
jaK, Nemere, Tallinn, Vilnius, Tartu,
Magadan, Tih^vin, Soc^i, Batumi, Samar-
Kand.But well-known names can be
fuck with the ending -o. In such
in words the emphasis falls on the penultimate
syllable: MaKsImo, Arh^imEdo, MOsKvo, Simfe-
ropOlo, Eu~patorIo, Kis^inEvo, RIgo,
AzIo, VOlgo, BajKAlo, AtlantIKo, AltAjo,
KrimEo, MArso.
Female names are usually not accepted
endings -o and are often used with
ending -a: SvetlAna, MarIa, IzabEla.
TASKS
1. Read and place emphasis:
Rusio, UKrainio, Belorusio, Litovio,
Latvio, Estonia, Moldavio, Kazah^io, Uz-
beKio, TurKmenio, Kirgizio, Tag^iKio,
Azerbajg^anio, Armenio, Kartvelio, So-
vet-Unio (=Sovetio, =USSR).
Afganio, Alg^erio, Anglio, Argentino,
Au~strio, Bangladesh, Brazilo, Cipro,
C^en^oslovaKio, C^ilio, DominiKa Respub-
liKo, Egipto, EKvadoro, Etiopio, Fig^io,
Finnlando, Francio, Germanio, GreKio,
Hindio, Hispanio, Indonesia, IraKo, Ira-
by, Islando, Israelo, Jemeno, Kambog^o,
Kanado, Kenjo, Kubo, Libano,
Lih^tens^tejno, LuKsemburgio, Mai~rita-
nio, MeKsiKio, Mongolio, MozambiKo, Ne-
derlando, NiKaragvo, Norway, Nov-Ze-
lando, Omano, PaKistano, Peruo, Portuga-lio, Ruando, Sweden, Turkey, Uruguay,
VatiKano, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zimbabwe-
vo.
2. Read, arrange the strokes,
translate:
Actual movie. Special plan. June
pioneers. Absoluta c^ampiono. New mode.
Moda j^aKeto. Communist Party. Geogra-
fia faculty. History jubilee. Sports
group. Esperant Club. Eu~gora Congress-
So. Concert afis^о. C^oKolada FabriKo.
FabriKa Club. Club biblioteKo. EKono-
my problem. Kolh^oza s^oforo. Revolu-
cia ideo. H^emia institute. Director
ai~tomobilo. Party organization. Photo lam-
ро. Candidate's dissertation. EleKtra
mas^ino. Secret signal. Hero Characters-
Go. Tria etag^о. Minus temperature. Av-
solution new ideo. Interesting practicals. Or-
ganizi serious. Organization may be. Attack is not-
goe. ReKlami afis^е. Information phone.
Sidi Group. Sidi biblioteKe.
3. Translate to Esperanto:
New guitar. Interesting story. Is-
Toric fact. Automobile sports.
Sports car. Pioneer's army.
Xorova music. Musical film. Rec-
लाम्नाय अफिशा. Concert advertising. medi-
solute nova ideo. Interesting practicals. Or-
ganizi serious. Organization may be. Attack is not-
goe. ReKlami afis^е. Information phone.
Sidi Group. Sidi biblioteKe.
3. Translate to Esperanto:New guitar. Interesting story. Is-
toric fact. Automobile sport.
Sports car. Pioneer Choir.
Choral music. Musical film. Rec-
lam poster. Concert advertising. Medi-
Qing Institute. Telephone line. Ak-
tive student. Student conference
tion. Recommendation form. Organization
onny committee. Engineering problem. Av-
bus ticket. Revolutionary date. Eco-
nomic geography. Zero temperature
ra. Special (special) jury. Party
congress (congress). Ideal film. Ideologically
form. Seriously interested.
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