TR-DOS - complete description of the TR-DOS interface.

                                        
           A H H O T A C I Y.           
                                        
 The interface has the following advantages: 
  - easy and quick access, data search
data and programs are carried out faster,
than when using a cassette.          
  - wide selection of 5.25" drives
"3.5", 4O or 8O track, single or
double-sided drives. Maximum eat-
bone is more than 2.5 MB.                 
  - flexibility interface is not dependent, po-
so you can use your disks with
other computers.                   
  - compatibility interface can be used
use with SPECNRUM computers,
SPECTRUM+, SPECTRUM 128.                
  - autoload after switching on. and resetting the car
TRDOS is loaded automatically (SPECTRUM
SPECTRUM+)                              
  - the magic button makes it possible
save programs recorded on tape
those by pressing a button.        
  - system switch is used
3 position reset switch
computer or interface switching. 
  - TRDOS EPROM TRDOS contains EP-
ROM, it only uses 112 bytes
RAM.                                    
  - syntax simple syntax using
using SPECTRUM keywords
provides access to files on disk
TRDOS in BASIC or machine code.- TRDOS manages file handling
matrices with numbers and rows, files
with sequential and random access
pom.                                    
  This booklet contains information
for full use of TECHNOLOGY RE-
SEARCH BETA 128 DISK INTERFACE.  In this
the manual contains footnotes on the computer
SPECTRUM, but unless otherwise indicated,
they apply to other computers as well.
frame.DISK INTERFACE with UTILITY DISK, which
contains a certain amount
programs (see appendix).                   
                                        
         1. B C T U P L E H I E         
                                        
  This disk system represents
fight professional storage method
programs and data files in home and
personal computer systems. Dis-
fork systems have great advantages
in front of tape systems. Disk system
The theme is more reliable, easy to use
vaniya and more fast-acting.  Tepmu-
nology related to floppy disks,
often lead to confusion, so below
explanations are given.  Discs inserted
inserted into the disk drive, rotate inside their
protective covers at a speed of ZOO rpm.
For protection, the best quality discs have
plastic ring, not a weaker one
disk. Index hole and similar from-
hole in the disk allows the drive to
ability to monitor the disk.  These records are
are scanned and read through a slot or
data window.  To protect valuable data in
The casing has a "write protection groove"
which can be covered with a small
adhesive label, it prevents
does not accidentally write to the disc or erase it
earlier                                  
  Many drives have the ability to transfer
switch, which makes it possible to use
use of 4O and 8O track discs.
Many drives only have one
skill, these drives can perform
reading and writing only on one hundredth
disk area.  Other drives have two
heads, which makes it possible to use
both sides of the disc.  Discs, shape-
distended and recorded by one type of dist-
codes, can be read by another type
drive.  Obviously, the disk is physically
should be the same size.  In below
The diagram below shows compatibility
between different types of drives.     
                                        
  Disc format CHOTSS CHOTDS 8OTSS 8OTDS  
  Disco                                
  water CHOTSS with ?     x x    
         CHOTDS s s x x    
         8OTSSr?     With     ?    
         8OTDS r r s s    
                                        
          where T is track              
              SS - single sidedDS - double-sided        
               C - compatible          
  R - incompatible (read only) 
               X - incompatible        
               ? - incompatible        
                                        
  For example, CHO-track double-sided
the drive is compatible (reading and writing)
writing), with disks formatted to
CHO-track single-sided drive.
But an 8O-track drive can only
read from disks formatted in
CHO track drive.                   
  The formatting process makes it possible
TRDOS and the drive are electronically different
divide the disks into 4O and 8O tracks, and each
I blow a path into the sectors.  Number of seconds
tors per track and number of bytes per
the sector is completely dependent on TRDOS TRDOS
provides 16 sectors per track and
256 bytes per sector. Such a large number
the quality of sectors has several advantages
society                                  
  1. If only non-
large amount of data, use
Not too much of the disk is subject to this.
This leads to more savings
files.                                 
  2. When using files from production
free access provides a large
flexibility of the program and increases speed
work growth.  To know what is where
As expected, TRDOS uses track O, in
mainly for their own purposes
search. If the above information is available,
mation, you can calculate the number of sect-
formatted memory capacity
disk.  The table below shows
TRDOS capacity in KB with di-
personal drives:                    
                                        
        CHOTSS 156 KB             
        CHOTDS 316 KB             
        8OTSS 316 KB             
        8OTDS 636 KB             
                                        
  This equates to 4 KB per track or 4
sectors per 1 KB.  When studying the content
disk storage using SAT you will always have
children know the number of free sect-
ditch Divide this amount by 4 and knot
Do you know how many KB of free space
the gap remains.Have you noticed that we
They didn't say anything about density. TRDOS is used
uses double density - so you
you get 16 sectors of 256 bytes per
path.                                
                                        
             2. 3 A P U C K             
  Now that you have disk in-
interface, one or more disk drives, os-
familiarize yourself with the procedures before
start installation.                 
  1. Connect the drive to SPECTRUM.    
  2. Turn on the TV.                
  3. SPECTRUM+: make sure that
system switchis located in the center
in the "normal" position                     
  SPECTRUM 128: make sure that
The system switch is located in the center
"off" position.                       
  Remove the plug from the power source
SPEKTRUM and enter the source into the connection
drive power supply.                      
  SPECTRUM & PLUS: If more than
one drive, only used
one drive "A", and in a second you
you will see the following on the display:           
          * TR-DOS Ver 5.xx *           
    (C) 1986 Technology Research Ltd.   
                (U.K.)                  
A>                                      
  5.xx version number, and A> promrt TR-DOS 
                                        
  It is possible that when connecting power
SPECTRUM does not recognize disk inter-
face, i.e.  the above inscription is not
will appear on the screen.  If this happens,
then reset SPECTRUM using the system
th switch.                       
  SPECTRUM 128 starts up as usual.
To start TR-DOS enter the following:
more:                                    
       RUNDOMIZE URS 15616       
  The following message will appear on the screen:
above.                                   
  Now you are in mode
TR-DOS.When you have learned the rest,
you will be able to use various co-
mands and devices. But first of all
test the service disk. Utility disk
write protected and must remain
like this.  Insert the service disc
program into drive "A". To represent
display on the service disc contents screen
tinning program can be used
The CAT command is called after
TR-DOS issues A>; type:          
CAT                              
The screen will show:          
Title:$Utili                            
6 file(s)                               
O Del. file(s)                          
A:secread  1:tapeS.O  4        
A:doctor  22:tapecopy  1        
A: here  3:magic  12        
                                        
1221 Free                               
                                        
  Note: Never turn off the dis-
kovy interface from SPECTRUM when turned on -
connected to the network device.                  
                                        
             AUTO-LOAD              
  SPECTRUM 128: it cannot use
this opportunity.                        
  When connected to the network or after a reset,
you automatically switch to the mode
TR-DOSa, and the system always selects dis-
Driver "A".TR-DOS attempts to boot
Write a BASIC program called "BOOT".
If there is no disk in drive "A"
or if the doordrive is open, or
the disk does not contain the bootstrapped program
ki", then the usual prompt is displayed on the screen
Kazka If the disc is in a drive with
door closed, with electrical connection
energy, the disc may be damaged, especially
especially if the drives have permanent
loaded heads.  For bootstrapping
The following procedures are recommended:      
  1. Connect SPECTRUM.               
  2. Loading from a disk with the program "VO-
OT" from drive "A".                    
  3. Reset the computer.                  
                                        
  When TR-DOS starts, it automatically
thoroughly checks the technical conditions of the dis-
drive "A". TR-DOS is adjusted so that -
would match the speed of a disco's step
water.  This means that faster speed
The pitch growth of the latest disk drives is
its application.  TR-DOS also implements
checks for 4O or 8O tracks, one
but or bilateral. Some of us-
exhausted CHO-track drives are finally
there is no stop.  And therefore, av-
then the check does not work, i.e., TR-DOS
perceives as 8O-track disco
water. The "4O" command informs the system,
that the selected drive is CHO-track.   
                                        
         For example: 4O           
                                        
  If there is a 4O/8O switch - expensive
gastricswitchable from 4O to 8O possible
after TR-DOS has checked
ku.                                     
  Disk interface must be compatible
with all available peripheral devices
SINCLAIR swarms such as Interface 1
and microdrive.  It can also work with
other auxiliary devices.
To do this, it is simply connected to the
dinator located in the rear part of the in-
interface.                               
  There are several auxiliary
devices that use ROM memory only
ko for reading occupying memory space
along with TR-DOS.  If we have connected
also the interface, and if it is not disabled,
then you must first disable disk
interface by setting the system switch
switch to the "off" position. System pe-
the switch is on the left side
disk interface. Under normal conditions
On both sides the switch should be located
NORMAL, and for SPECTRUM 128 - in the position
"off". Usually when working with TR-DOS the switch
the switch should be in the central
positions.  When turning on the power it gives
ability for TR-DOS to take control.
The transition from TR-DOS to SOS and back
is carried out without the help of a switch.   
  SPECTRUM 128: Do not use the system
reset switch. In place of this
use the reset button on the computer.
The reset device is built into the disco
new interface.  Itintended for
full system reset.  To ensure
reset you should turn the switch
turn to the RESET position and then return
to the center position (NORMAL).  After
reset to RAMTOP the normal
real value, all variables and memory
are erased.  Reset also provides
a quick way to switch from one type
work to another, provided that the given
The new ones are not needed in memory.                  
 SPECTRUM 128: Always install
system switch to position
(NORMAL).                               
  As mentioned, there are several
additional devices that, in addition to
use of ROMs, claim to be simple
memory space along with TR-DOS.  If
you have such an interface connected, and it is not
disabled, then when the system power is turned on
the dark switch should be in
"OFF" position.                        
    SHORT LIST OF TR-DOS COMMANDS.     
                                        
  COMMAND FUNCTION SECTION 
                                        
  *"A:" installing drive "A" 5.4     
  *"B:" installation of drive "B" 5.4     
  *"C:" installation of drive "C" 5.4     
  *"D:" installation of drive "D" 5.4     
  4O informs TR-DOS that the drive
CHO-track                           
  8O informs TR-DOS that the drive
8O-trackCAT display of disk directory     
  CAT# printout of disc contents      
  CLOSE# close a file with sequential
random access                   
  COPY copying a file from disk to disk
  COPY s copying a file on the system with
one drive                        
  COPY to disk duplication on a system with
one drive                        
  ERASE removing a file from disk          
  LIST displays disc contents           
  LIST# print the contents of the disc
  LOAD loading a program from disk       
  INPUT# read file with serial
random access                   
  MERGE merging a BASIC program with
disk and BASIC programs in O3Y           
  MOVE sort and pack together
files to disk                           
  NEW change file name                
  OPEN# open file                    
 PEEK read disk sector in O3Y       
  ROKE write file from O3Y to sector
disk                                   
  PRINT# print file               
  RANDOMIZE transition to TR-DOS from SOS     
  USR 15616                             
  RANDOMIZE calling TR-DOS command from SOS 
  USR 15619                             
  RETORN transition to SOS from TR-DOS        
  RUN load and run the program from
disk                                   
  SAVE write the program to diskVERIFY compare the program in O3Y with
program on disk                     
                                        
  The above table represents
is a set of TR-DOS commands.  Before
to use these commands, read the corresponding
relevant sections of this guide.
                                        
          5.O COMMAND SYNTAX          
                                        
 TR-DOS is a flexible system, pos-
willing to access the system
on disks.                              
  (A) - directly from TR-DOS       
  (B) - direct access from SOS          
  (C) - from BASIC                        
  (D) - from programs in machine codes    
  When you work with TR-DOS you see
hint (prompt) about the selected disk
de.                                     
  A>                                    
  B>                                    
  According to the just finished-
operation, the prompt may be followed by
This is the next part of the TR-DOS command.
For example:                               
  A> RUN "WHAT"                         
  TR-DOS commands can be entered non-
mediocre after the hint.          
  If a hint is followed by a previous one,
current command, you must cancel the old one
command using the DELETE key.       
 To switch toSOS is used by
mand RETURN. For example:                 
  A>                                    
  A> RETURN                             
  Note that the  key is pressed
is used to complete the command.  If not
other instructions, this will apply to
throughout the directory. To go from SOS to
TR-DOS, the following entry is required:    
  A> RANDOMIZE USR 15616                
  If only one drive is connected,
this will return you to drive "A". One-
However, if more than one disk drive is fitted
yes, then the command will return you to the last
to the selected drive. Although this co-
the manda is no longer entered on the display, it
is still in memory and, after you
completing certain TR-DOS commands, such as
such as SAT, you can return to SOS and
LIST for the purpose of representing this program
we're on the screen.                            
  The command syntax is the same at all times.
names, but if the command is called from SOS
or from a program, should be used
prefix.When a command is entered
directly from SOS, she performs this co-
mandu and returns to SOS.  In this case
then the prefix should be as follows:      
                                        
  RANDOMIZE USR 15619:REM               
                                        
  For example:                             
                                        
  A> RANDOMIZE USR15619:REM:CAT "In:"   
                                        
  Using 15619 instead of 15616
hurts SOS control. The action of SAT follows
blows to take place on drive "B".  If
this program does not perform functions
substitutions such as program run,
she ends her action with a hint
drive, if TR-DOS is used, or
Bottom line: SINCLAIR is OK if you use
SOS is given, for example:                     
                                        
  A>CAT                         
                                        
  upon completion you get a hint A> 
                                        
  RANDOMIZE USR 15619:REM:CAT    
                                        
  the result is OK.                      
  Although it is possible to perform
commands from SOS, this is not recommended:   
  - if all actions are taken from
TR-DOS, then the probability of destruction is very
to less;                              
  - significantly reduced directly
printing;                         
  - the display shows the current disco
waters by default, which helps to avoid
stupid mistakes leading to loss of valuable
data.                                 
  When TR-DOS commands are included in the program
BASIC framework, they must be preceded by:  
                                        
RANDOMIZE USR 15619:REM:              
  In addition, the command must be
nim element in the line.  When writing
program or converting it as a package
ripped from a disc, not from a cassette
must follow the rule:               
  - TRD-OS command ends the line.
For example:                               
                                        
  Program line from cassette:           
                                        
  1O INK 7:PAPER 1:LOAD "" CODE:GO SUB
SOO:CLS:PRINT"PRESS ANY KEY"            
                                        
  Converted to disk:              
                                        
  1O INK 7:PAPER 1:RANDOMIZE USR
15619:REM:LOAD"TITLE"CODE 2O GO SUB
SOO:CLS:PRINT "PRESS ANY KEY"           
                                        
  Please note that the disc cannot be used
call empty "".  Along with the final
with the TR-DOS command, in line 1O we must
enter a title under which to save -
Xia code.                                 
  The default disk drive is the one
waters that can be accessed
use any command that
swarm is not indicated to be used
drive. When connecting to a network or
reset system drive to default
always "A".                             
  TR-DOS supports up to 4 drives,
designated as A, B,C, D. To change
The default drive format is
Yes the following:                           
                                        
  *"DRIVE:"                             
                                        
  where drive A, B, C, D for example:     
  *"B:" - to default to
drive "B"                            
  *"A:" - to default to
drive "A"                            
                                        
  For example, if a change is made
defaults from "A" to "B", all subsequent
teams will have access to dis-
to driver “B” unless otherwise indicated.
If only one drive is fitted, then
the designation on the screen remains A>, and
flexible operation of several dis-
leaders, demonstrated in this ru-
leadership, absent.                 
  In some cases it is desirable to remain
remain in default state on one
drive, but strive to implement
access to another drive.  Syntax
for this is the suffix () to the command,
indicating the required drive.  Suffix
looks like changing the default, but without
asterisks, for example:                    
                                        
  "A:" or "B:" or "C:" or "D:"       
                                        
  Below is an example of a complete opera-
tora from SOS:RANDOMIZE USR 15619:REM:LOAD"IN:PROG-
RAMM"                                   
                                        
  This ensures that the program is loaded from
drive "B" regardless of which
of the disk drives is the current disk drive
default home, including "B". From TR-DOS
with drive "A" default command
will be as follows:                        
                                        
  LOAD"B:PROGRAM"                       
                                        
  This is how you load
programs from drive "B", but default
remains behind drive "A" for long-distance
our operations.                           
                                        
          FORMATING A DISK          
                                        
  The disk must be formatted before use.
using it SPECTRUM.  This means
that the sectors on each track should
verified, identified and semi-
read the mark electronically using
TR-DOS.  From now on TR-DOS
will keep track of what is stored and where
on disk.                               
  TR-DOS contains standard software
disk formatting frame, and there is no need
the cost of loading additional ma-
software, formatting may be
be filled at any time, even ifprog-
frame is in memory.               
  To format a disk, insert it
into the default drive and close the door
tsu.                                     
  Type the FORMAT keyword behind
followed by the disk name in quotes.
The name length can be up to 8 characters.
kov, using the upper and lower
registers including spaces, for example:    
                                        
 FORMAT"DISCONE"                
                                        
  Time taken by TR-DOS to tag
sectors, fluctuates between one and two-sectors
third-party, 4O and 8O-track drives -
mi.If the drives are double-sided, then both
sides are formatted automatically.  By
When completed, the following appears on the screen:        
                                        
DISONE                                  
624/624 1264/1264 2544/2544         
A>                                      
                                        
  There are cases when you intend
Be careful to format the disk as single-sided
ny. If the drive is only single-sided,
then there is no need for a special form
matting, use standard
TR-DOS FORMAT command.                  
  If the drive is double-sided, then the first
The drive letter must be S, for example
example:                                  
FORMAT"SDUMPER"                       
                                        
  After formatting is completed,
The moose will appear on the screen:                
                                        
SDUMPER                                 
624/624 or 1264/1264                 
A>                                      
                                        
                                        
        DISC CONTENT CATALOG        
                                        
  To display content on screen
disk there are two commands.  First and
the most commonly used CAT command.
Second command LIST.Access both files
mandam is carried out when the program
is in memory.  The CAT team pre-
Displays the name, type and size on the screen
sectors of files and is suitable for implementation
of almost all purposes.                
The LIST command displays on the screen
catalog with extended information and ideas
Ideally suited for program analysis.
To get the disk directory use-
The syntax is the following:                 
                                        
                 CAT or               
                 LIST                   
                                        
  You can imagine the cata-
log of another disk, not the default, for example
example:CAT"B:" or           
                 LIST"B:"               
                                        
  You can call the program from SOS:       
                                        
  RANDOMIZE USR 15619:REM:CAT"A:" or   
  RANDOMIZE USR 15619:REM:LIST"A:"      
                                        
  The CAT command on the screen will represent
lena the following information:              
                                        
  DISK TITLE disc title             
  NO FILES number of files            
  NO OF DELETED FILES number of deleted
new files                              
  DRIVE:FILES TITLES:TYPE OF FILE:SIZE
OF FILE                                 
  (Disk:File Name:File Type:Size
file)                                  
  N OF FREE SECTOR number of free
sectors                                
  TR-DOS PROMT TR-DOS hint         
                                        
        For example:                       
                                        
  HA3BAHUE ACCOUNTS meaning            
  4 FILES 1 DEL,FILE(S) disk in drive
"A" 4 files + 1 unit.                  
  A:HOME12 V= BASIC program 12 sec-
tori                                   
  A:HOME16 C= mochine code 6 sectors
(1.5 K)A:HOME2<#>13 #= n/n access 13 sectors
(3.25 K)                                
  A:HOME7 D= data array of 7 sectors
(1.75 K)                                
  FREE 25O3 free 25O3 sectors       
  A> default drive is "A"          
                                        
  If the number of files to be
representation on the screen more than 3O, appearing
"SCROLLER" is displayed.  Pressing the SP key.
will ensure continuation of the presentation on
display.  The list ends with the symbols
"N" or "BREAK".  Below is an example
result of presentation on the display
mands LIST.                             
                                        
  HA3BAHUE POOLPREM DISK DRIVE B          
  4 FILES 8O TRACK, DOUBLE SIDED  
  1 REMOTE FILE FREE SECTOR 248O
  HA3BAHUE FILE START LENGTH LINE      
  POOLCALC5 OO289 O12OO
25-start page of BASIC program                  
  POOL1 32 32768 O8OOO               
  POOLFACT7 O178O O178O              
  POOLBASE8 ЗOOOO 32OOO              
                                        
  The display shows all the usual
details about the disk - what it finds -
It appears in drive "B" that it is 8O-expensive
double-sided burner with 4 files and
248O sectors in a free state.
In addition to CAT information about the header, type and
size, we have a starting address,
length and inin the case of basic BASIC programs
nary line of the program.  Often desirable
know the contents of discs without using
every time SP.  for presentation on e-
earlier catalogue.  In this case, the most
a likely solution is a pencil and
paper, although this is not convenient and often leads
to mistakes.  TR-DOS gives you the opportunity
create a hard copy of the disk directory when
provided you have a printer.  Below
the given example is based on the use
interface 1. Normal procedure
SOS opening thread should be triggered
before printing. This requires returning to
SOS during current work in TR-DOS and when
an as yet undiscovered stream.  When working in SOS
you can use the usual interface syntax
1, for example:                            
                                        
  FORMAT "T":9bOO:OPEN#4;"T"            
                                        
  When the stream is open, it is preferable
return to TR-DOS, i.e. this is the best package
alignment and less printing.
Returning CAT# and commands to TR-DOS
LIST# are exactly the same as above
Data CAT and LIST commands, for example:    
                                        
  CAT#4 sends the catalog for printing via
stream 4                                 
  LIST#4,"B:" sends an extended cata-
drive log "B" via stream 4 on the printer
ter.SINCLAR management deals with the use
using streams from O to 15. Streams
O to to 3 are reserved for SP. Not-
mediocre flow between 4 and 15 not
matters.  The open stream must
be the thread used in commands
CAT# and LIST#.                           
                                        
                                        
           COPYING FILES           
                                        
  There are three commands for copying
nia:                                    
                                        
  COPY - to copy a regular file 
  COPYS - to copy a system file
with one drive                      
  COPYB - for duplicating a system with one
with a disk drive                          
                                        
 The main syntax element is COPY.
The basic syntax is as follows:           
                                        
  COPY"NEW FILE","OLD FILE"TOUR         
                                        
  Required syntax follows practice
SOS in such a way that the names are like no-
both the new and the old file are placed in
in quotation marks, and the file type is indicated by
with the power of SOS keywords.                
                                        
  In SPECTRUM there are the following four
file types:BASIC PROGRAM - BASIC program      
  CODE - program with machine codes   
  DATA - data array file            
  # - file with semi-accessible access               
                                        
  Please note that the BASIC program
has an empty file type.  All teams
must have the exact form of the name,
as well as the empty file type, so it's better
just have a CAT display.                
  It should be remembered that in those cases
when to put two in quotation marks
names, for example, for COPY commands
or NEW, first enclosed in quotation marks
new name, besides the type is not
follows the new name, because he
identical to the old one.                      
  When you have installed a disc containing
files and to be copied, in disco
water "A" (doesn't matter which disk
used), the first thing you need is to make
This is the SAT of this disc.  Should be reported
Set TR-DOS name of the subject file
copying and the name under which
You can write this command, for example:    
                                        
  COPY"VATb9","WHISKY"CODE              
                                        
  Please note that the new and old name
files are in quotes and separated
comma.                                
  Until now weconsidered copying
only on the same disk. Process
stupid copying to another disk depends
depending on whether you have a second disco
water  If there is only one drive,
you cannot use the normal CO- command
RU. Both COPYS and COPYB commands are intended
Prices for a system with one disk drive.    
                                        
  COPYS - to copy one file from
one drive to another using one and
same drive                          
  COPYB - for duplicating a disk to another
goy                                     
                                        
  Here are examples of the COPYS command:            
                                        
  COPYS"WINES" or COPYS"BEER"CODE      
                                        
  where "WINES" and "BEER"CODE - exist-
existing files.  Notice the difference.  Before we
introduced a new name in quotation marks
immediately after the prompt. Now we co-
we tell TR-DOS which program to copy
vat, and thus the existing most
the change goes in quotation marks immediately after
COPYS. To make sure that you have
disk drive, the correct disk is given to you
prompt to insert the disc and press U. Pos-
Le disk reading program gives you
prompt to replace it with another disk and
enter a new name under which
this program will be copied.  Not
should be given too muchmeaning
creating a duplicate copy of all
programs.  When working based on
using a cassette, this activity
consumes too much time.  To
the program was valuable, it
must be copied, the tape is rewound
on and verified. This is quite a long pro-
procedure. When using TR-DOS and disk
copying and, if desired, repeating
loading the program to check the correct
ease of work, will take less than a minute, in
The main duplication of the program consists
from creating a copy on another disk, pre-
designated exclusively for oak-
lation.  The COPYB command acts like
extension of the COPYS command.  Standard
the command is customized by entering co-
mands COPYB and from now on on the screen
a prompt regarding the change appears
disk and which keys to press.  Copy-
transfer to another drive automatically
means you will copy to
another disk.  Although mutual exchange may
occur between any combinations
two disk drives, we use disk drives
"A" and "B".  It is obvious from the syntax how
will introduce other combinations
nations.  Enter the COPY keyword to
those two headings are in quotes, but in this
turn on the temporary disco indicator once
water.  Working with another disk we can
use the same name on
second disk:COPY"A:WHISKY","B:WHISKY"             
                                        
  Although the default drive is "A",
we copy the file from the disk
"B" to "A" and we also use the same name -
tion that is not used on disk
"A".  Duplication is done much more
easier when using a dual-
disk drive. The disc to be copied
vaniya, fits into one disk drive, and
receiving disk (blank and formatted)
ny) is placed in another drive. They can
any drives can be used.  We use
we use drive "A" as a source
nickname, and "B" - as a receiver.     
                                        
  COPY"B:*","A:*"                       
                                        
  If the file name is not duplicated, but
there is enough
places, ends with the return of the hint
ki:                                     
                                        
  A>                                    
                                        
  If the file name is duplicated, then
The error message "Recording
on an existing file?  U/N" enter U and
records will overlap.  By entering N
copying will continue, but this
the file will not be copied.  This gives
the ability to change and copy later,
onefile, if the file name was
duplicated on two different files.
The advantage of "*" COPY is more * from-
efficient.                                 
                                        
                                        
 RENAMING, ERASING FILES, OBS 
            TINING THE DISC             
                                        
 Ability to change the file header
la on disk is one of the most flexible
which teams are at our disposal
NI.  Changing the title makes a big difference
role for program development. In contrast
from other TR-DOS commands this disk should
be in the default drive, and
this drive must be a floppy drive
"A". This is also one of the commands for which
Roy you should be in TR-DOS, and
do not call the command from SOS.  Do
first CAT disk so that on the screen
was submitted subject to change
file. Now enter the keyword NEW,
followed by a new title in quotation marks, and
then the existing header, they section
separated by a comma.                         
                                        
  NEW"DOOT","PROG"                      
                                        
  Press , the prompt will disappear on
a couple of seconds when she appears again
repeat the SAT and you will see that "PROG"
replaced by "BOOT".  If the file is on diskis obsolete and no longer required, it can be
erase.                                
                                        
  ERASE"OLDPROG"                 
                                        
  When, after a couple of seconds, it reappears
prompt is given, the SAT confirms that
this file has disappeared, and this file has been
gestrated in the CAT header under number
eliminated file.                     
  When a file is erased, the sectors it
occupied must be released for
other files. We use the MOVE command. 
                                        
  MOVE or MOVE"B:"                     
                                        
  Although the last example is possible,
it is preferable to do this by default
for this drive with which you work
we're busy.  The team most likely to
mostly used from TR-DOS, not from
SOS.                                    
  By logging into TR-DOS, we will fill in the CAT with
for the purpose of studying the disk, perhaps
have undergone some erasure and are now
we end with MOVE for the purpose of the request
space to use. The co-
manda MOVE does all the work of reorganizing
nization of the disk and its pointer. Upon completion
The TR-DOS prompt appears again.
If CAT is now entered, the printout
will show O deleted files and increase
personal number of free sectors. 
  Like everyone elsecommands in machine codes,
MOVE is a fast command, but is used
the time used varies according to
tweets with the number and size of recorded
and eliminated files and their locations
on disk.  To reduce time
waiting to a minimum, you should enter MO-
VE immediately after elimination.  This is
can avoid a large number of re-
torches and it is always known exactly
how much disk space is free. He
ready for minimal load, without remaining
new and without preliminary actions on
service.                           
                                        
                                        
 RECORD, CHECK, LOAD, RUN AND 
                MERGER                 
  The syntax of all these commands is the same.
As you will see, these commands have the same
the same or similar syntax as those
which are used for the system, based
bathroom on cassette. All these commands are valid
click on files.  The file on the disk can
be a BASIC program, a machine program
codes, data array or file with subtitle
access. This section covers
BASIC programs and machine codes. In pro-
the process of all five operations SAVE/VERIFY/LO-
AD/RUN/MERGE to interrupt a command use
uses the BREAK key.  If in a disco
there is no disk in the water, the command will be aborted and
a message will be presented on the screen
about"NO DISK" error.  In the same way,
if there is no file on the disk, then
a message will be displayed on the screen
error:                                 
                                        
  "NO FILE(S)"                          
                                        
  Using the SAVE command, the program in RAM
is written to disk.  Should be specified
name of the program and put it in ka-
habits.  Not required for BASIC program
file type, however line number may
be specified as the LINE keyword
for a car run.  If the line number is not
specified, the program will be run with
first line, for example:                
                                        
  SAVE"HOME"LINE1OO                     
  SAVE"GRAF"LINE                        
  SAVE"В:DESIGN"                        
                                        
  For a program in machine code you need
specify the CODE file type to follow
blows the starting address and the number of buy-
goods to be preserved, for example:    
                                        
  SAVE"POAC"CODE 478OO,47O              
  SAVE"В:POAC"CODE 478OO,47O            
                                        
  The VERIFY command checks whether
the file recorded on the disk is the same,
same as the file in memory.  The VERIFY command can
can be used to check VA-
SIC programs, programsin machine codes,
and data array files, for example:     
                                        
  VERIFY"A:DESIGN"                      
  VERIFY"DICONT"CODE 47OOO,955          
  VERIFY"MONEY"DATA M()                 
                                        
  If they are different, the screen appears:
This message is a check with an error (VERI-
FY ERROR). If the BASIC program is intended
started for autorun from line number,
for example:                               
                                        
  SAVE"PATROL"LINE 25                   
                                        
  then the auto drive will be carried out,
whichever command (LOAD or RUN) is used
I used it.  If the BASIC program is not
saved for autorun, then LOAD will
carry out loading and running non-automatically
tical run program, for example:   
                                        
  LOAD"PATROL"                          
  RUN"DESIGN"                           
                                        
  TR-DOS will inform you about "non-
enough memory" if you do
attempt to download or run the program
mu that requires more memory than is available
available, this can happen if-
whether RAMTOP was set too low
kim.  If you enter LOAD or RUN without
file name, then TR-DOS will be
attack orrun the program "self-ignited"
ruzki" BASIC.  As can be seen from the examples,
the syntax is the same as SOS. As for-
any programs in machine codes, they can
be downloaded to the same address from which
horns were taken for storage, for example:  
                                        
  LOAD"A:SALECALC"CODE                  
                                        
  or uploaded to another address from
power of instructions in the loading instructions
ke, for example:                           
                                        
  LOAD"MAPGIN"CODE 51OOO                
                                        
  When running a program in machine code
the drive-thru address must be the same
same as the starting address of the program, for example
measures:                                    
                                        
 RUN"DISCOUNT"CODE 478OO               
                                        
  Provided that this code is intended
available for autorun starting from 478OO,
loading will go well.                 
  There is an option to use zag-
ruzchik with a two-line command, for example-
measures, recording the subsequent program on
disk as "DCTLOAD"LINE 1O              
                                        
  1O RANDOMIZE USR 15619:REM:LOAD"DISCO-
UNT"CODE 478OO                          
  2O RANDOMIZE USR 47838To play the program you enter
RUN "DCTLOAD", with the help of which it will be carried out
the program is loaded into the machine
codes, and then launch it, starting from
47838. A two-line loader is required,
because TR-DOS command - the same as merged
SOS message.  She uses the keyword
MERGE and serves the purpose of merging memory
SPECTRUM BASIC program from disk and this
same programs.                           
                                        
  MERGE"SUBROUT"                        
  MERGE"B:FUNCT 2"                      
                                        
  If you wrote the program on tape,
then copying it to disk represents
some difficulties.  You upload your
program from the cassette in SOS as usual.
When a program is in memory, it
can be loaded to disk using
inconsistent keyboard input,
for example:                               
                                        
  RANDOMIZE USR 15619: REM: SAVE"XXX"   
  RANDOMIZE USR 15619: REM: SAVE:XXZ"CO-
DE NNNN,ВВВ                             
                                        
  You can copy many other programs
ram using the UTILITY DISKTA program
PECOPY.                                 
 The syntax of these programs may require
transform so that it works
chatted with TR-DOS.  Forother programs
which are difficult or impossible to transform
run and run on disk, you can use
Call the "magic button" (MAGIC).      
  Many programs present
is a mixture of BASIC and machine code, which
increases the speed of their execution. element
BASIC can range from simple
loading programs to more complex in-
interface between the code and the user.
For those programs that VA uses
SIC as interface, transition to
using TR-DOS is relatively easy
that one.  Other programs may require
significant "shaking down" so that they can be
was changed to work with TR-DOS. Some
some difficult programs may require
to use MAGIC as the only
a good means of solving this problem.  you
must have access to all LO commands
AD or SAVE in the original program
BASIC, which requires changes, so per-
The first step is to print (LIST)
BASIC programs.  Methodology used
should vary according to
individual program.  In some
cases, the characteristics of the LOAD program and
SAVE is minimal and all that is required
for command detection - this is the minimum
and quick listing scanning.  Others
programs may have several options
Comrade LOAD and SAVE.  The easiest way to
In this case, it's to go through the program
one line at a time, doingthe LOAD and SAVE commands are used. Every time when
yes such a command was found, in addition to
the usual prefix is modified -
tion of syntax, i.e.:                   
                                        
  RANDOMIZE USR 15619:REM               
                                        
  This is entered before the existing LOAD
or SAVE in the program.  It should be remembered
also two provisions:                    
                                        
  1. The TR-DOS command must be
this element on the program line.       
  2. Months should be taken into account
drive location.                  
                                        
  The first point will often require non-
major modification in numbering and content
zhaniya lines.  Both of these points are illustrated
illustrated by the following example:            
                                        
EXISTING PROGRAM:                       
SOO IF X=5 THEN INPUT "NAME";NS:        
SAVE NS DATA CS()                       
VERIFY NS DATA CS():GOSUB 7OO           
  5O5 IF X=V THEN GOSUB 8OO:INPUT "TIT 
LE";TS CODE SOOO,575                    
5O6 .... program continues         
                                        
  Let's assume that these files are written to
default drive.                  
                                        
NEW PROGRAM:SOO IF X=5 THEN INPUT "NAME";NS:RANDO 
MIZE USR 15619:                         
REM:SAVE NS DATA CS()                   
5O2 GOSUB 7OO                           
  5O4 IF X=V THEN GOSUB 8OO: INPUT "TIT 
LE";TS: RANDOMIZE USR 15619:REM:SAVE TS 
  5O5 RANDOMIZE USR 15619:REM:SAVE
TS:CODE SOOOO,575                       
5O6 .... program continues         
                                        
  Line adjustment changes depending on the program
framework for the program.  To ensure no
bypassed first line per command
TR-DOS, enough used lines
5O2 and 5O4.  The following rules apply
conversions:                         
                                        
  1. The TR-DOS command must be
him operator on the line.                
 2. To all existing LOAD commands
and SAVE you only need to add pre-
fix RANDOMIZE USR 15619:REM:           
  3. If more than one dis-
driver, make sure it is used
correct drive.                    
  4. Check the program flow when adding
ke intermediate line numbers.        
                                        
  MAGIC is located in the rear of the dis-
kovy interface. It is intended for
recordings of programs located at the cash register -
those and running them on a floppy disk without any
any transformation. There are many
programs,which are very difficult or not
it is possible to convert and run on
disk. These can be programs with complex
protection or programs carried out
storage and loading of data files
for use by the main program.
Since replacing TR-DOS commands is not possible,
another method is required.  In this case
the program is loaded and files are created
data.  Instead of using instructions
SAVE, MAGIC programs are used for
outputting the entire program and files to disk.
A subsequent reboot means the
Shipping the entire package instead of the data file.
Minor inconvenience of having a developed
Noah customized version
full installation for each file type
data is compensated by speed and flexibility
bone disk with TR-DOS.  Formatted
an empty disk should be removed except
precisely for this reason, and when using
In this case, it should be in drive "A".
If everything is in order, the following
research demonstrates detailed
operations (if you are working with TR-DOS).  
                                        
  1. Return to BASIC by typing RETURN
                                 
  2. Turn the system switch
to the "off" position                     
 3. Clear SPECTRUM by typing PRINT
USR O                            
  4. Load the program from the cassette andrun it as usual                 
  5. After the program is downloaded
and goes, press MAGIC SPECTRUM & PLUS:  
  - only one file is created.  This one
the file contains an image of all 48K pa-
random access memory.  SAT disk
will demonstrate that the title is
"@", and the file type is CODE. SPECTRUM 128:    
  - up to 7 files can be recorded in
depending on whether they are used
pages on top random memory
access in 64 K. Below is an example of how-
disk log after printing using
MAGIC.                                  
                                        
HA3BAHUE: TEST                          
7 FILE(S)                               
O DEL. FILE                             
A:@ 192:@7 64     
A:@  64:@4 64     
A:@3  64:@1 64     
A:@8  1                        
                                        
  The name of the family of these files
"@". To re-download
ku file, change the syntax from usual -
th.  The key is used instead
the word GOTO, for example:                   
                                        
GOTO "@"CODE                            
                                        
  The program can be renamed or
copied to another disk under its own
name anddriven using co-
GOTO mands, for example:                   
                                        
NEW"GAME1","@"CODE                      
COPY"В:GAME1","A:@"CODE                 
                                        
  When running "GAME1" and provided that
the disk is in drive "A" using
the following syntax is used:               
                                        
  GOTO "GAME1"CODE                      
                                        
  SPECTRUM 128:                         
  - there is a possibility to rename -
copying or copying all files one at a time
others using the NEW and COPY commands. Od-
However, for your convenience, on the disk with
service programs there is a program
frame UTILITY MAGIC. Details are described
in the application.  This program can also
used to erase "family"
files recorded using MAGIC.     
                                        
  Before using MAGIC to re-
writing the program, you must certify-
I know that the disk does not contain any file
with the name "@" or "@1", etc.         
  Some programs use non-
Dart key scanning program.
For these programs you need to do
The first character of the name is the letter "$", for example:
                                        
  GOTO"$GAME1"CODEIf the program is checked before copying
transfer it with the title to another disc, then
the file name will require the prefix "$"
when a scanning task occurs
keys, for example:                      
                                        
  NEW "$GAME2","@"CODE                  
  GOTO "$GAME2"CODE                     
                                        
  In the process of downloading these files to the computer,
The display wound contains some production
free elements, often some amount
Number of lines with image elements.
When the screen clears, the program continues
presses her move from where she was
stopped.                            
                                        
              DATA FILES              
                                        
  SOS syntax for download and storage
non-string array under the heading MO-
NEY is next:                          
                                        
  LOAD "MONEY"DATA M()                 
  SAVE "MONEY"DATA M()                  
                                        
  For a string array with chains
requires adding "S":               
                                        
  LOAD "MONEY"DATA MS()                 
                                        
  Like most TR-DOS commands,
Handling and storage of arraysosu data
implemented using the SOS BA syntax
SIC with a prefix and possibly using
drive indicator. Rarely are arrays of data
These are controlled directly by TR-DOS.
The nature of these arrays is such that disco
default water is dis-
driver "A".  If you have a dual system
disk drive, then we can assume that
the data disk is always loaded into one and
the same drive, for example "B", while
name as the main program and disk drive with
The default is "A".  In this case
In tea, a temporary indicator is used
floppy drive, for example:                    
                                        
  RANDOVIZE USR 15619: REM:LOAD "B:MO-
NEY"DATA M()                            
                                        
  When copying, erasing and updating
data file, the command always ends with -
denoting the file type, i.e.  DATA
or TR-DOS will know what they are looking for
BASIC file, for example:                   
                                        
  COPY"A:MONEY","B:MONEY"DATA           
  ROQUE"FILENAME"BUFFER ADDRES, SECTOR
NUMBER                                  
  ROKE"V:OLD"ZOO24.1O                   
  In this example, the data sector length,
starting from the RAM address (memory with arbitrary
nal access) ZOO24, recorded in 1O-th
file sector "OLD" in drive "B". So
like this teamchanges the contents of the file
la on disk, it should be used only
carefully.                                
                                        
    MACHINE CODE PROGRAMMING     
                                        
  Enabling standard TR-DOS programs
machine code programs are produced
relatively simple.  For the program three-
There are three elements:                    
  1.-machine code, equivalent to BASIC
TR-DOS.                                 
  2.-standard machine program
yes to enter item 1.                  
  3.-standard program in machine
codes to restore the system to its
initial state, before the call and
execution of the command.                     
                                        
 Direct cells (location
tion) memory depend on the program as a whole
scrap In this example, the cells are standard
programs will be at 49OOO for SAVE, at
49SOO for LOAD and SOOOO for their commands
call.  So element 1 would be
at 49OOO, length 49SOO, and element 2 and 3 at
SOOOO.                                  
                                        
ADDRESS BASIC CODE NOTE:                   
  49OOO 234 REM Codes in the manual on
SPECTRUM                                
49OO1 58:                 
49OO2 248 SAVE               
49OOZ 34"                 
49OOCH 69 E                 
49OOS 12O X                 
49OOb 97 A File name  
"EXAMPLE"                               
49OO7 1O9 M                 
49OO8 112P                 
49OO9 1O8 L                 
49O1O 1O1 E                 
49O11 34"                 
49O12 13 ENTER               
  Always ends with ENTER  
                                        
  The code for LOAD starts at 49SOO and
is the same as above
entered, except that the address
495O2 contains 239 (LOAD) instead of 248
(SAVE).  These two standard programs
LOAD and SAVE can be located where
whatever, but the initiator we placed
eating on SOOOO, requires a change in address
SOOO7-SOOO8 (address record of standard
program) and SOO25-SOO26 (station address
gift program LOAD) so that
point to new addresses. To produce
If you redistribute, you should reassign
sampled by the initiator himself. This is shown
below in the Z8O mnemonic.                   
  CHADD EQU 23645 Transfer location
variable SOS CHADD                        
 DRS XXXXX XXXXX-address of this code      
  LD HL,(CHADD) Beginning of true
CHADD                                   
  LD(TAMP),HL The variable value is used
muddy CHADD                           
  LD HL,49OOO Standard program address
we SAVE                                 
  LD (CHADD),HL CHADD now indicates
to your standard program           
  CALL 15363 Enter TR-DOS SAVE via
CHADD                                   
  * JP BACK Go to the point from which
swarm is caused by all this standard program
ma                                      
  LD HL,(CHADD)                         
  LD (TAMP),HL Standard program for
LOAD                                    
                                        
  The last section discussed the usual
ny arrays of data files.  TR-DOS provides
prints two additional file types
data, sequential and random
th access.  To use these two
data type, first you must open
flow. SPECTRUM contains 16 streams.
SOS reserves streams from O to 3 for
for its own use, and
currents from 4 to 15 are available for TR-DOS.
When a stream is opened for a file with a sequence
selective or random access, exploratory
uses 336 bytes of random memory
no access.  The data file can store
both numeric and string characters can be written
belt The computer converts numbers
variables to strings. The line ends-
system with carriage return (ASSCI CO-
DE 13).  These files fromconsistent
access are written in order, as in
cassette tape.  To count the chain
towards the end of the file you need
It's best to start from the very beginning of the file.  Dan-
random access files stored
will be written in the form of a certain amount of
this one  You can read or write any
record in this file, indicating its number.
Hence access to the last record
can be carried out as quickly as
first.  Other TRDOS commands optional
drive, changing names, etc. everything
apply equally to sequential files
tive and random access.
The only difference is in the type of indicator
file which represents "#"
instead of CODE or DATA. For example:         
                                        
  COPY"B:PHONE","A:PHONE"#              
  NEW "NEWFILE","OLDFILE"#              
  ERASE"NAMEDD"#                        
  Like data files, access files
rarely driven with TRDOS. Therefore, before
It is believed that the following examples
are in the BASIC program.  Follow-up
the file can be opened for recording
si or reading, but not for both of these operations
radios at the same time. Syntax for
opening the recording file is as follows:        
record in this file, indicating its number.
Hence access to the last record
can be carried out as quickly as
first.  OtherTRDOS commands optional
drive, changing names, etc. everything
apply equally to sequential files
tive and random access.
The only difference is in the type of indicator
file which represents "#"
instead of CODE or DATA. For example:         
                                        
  COPY"B:PHONE","A:PHONE"#              
  NEW "NEWFILE","OLDFILE"#              
  ERASE"NAMEDD"#                        
  Like data files, access files
rarely driven with TRDOS. Therefore, before
It is believed that the following examples
are in the BASIC program.  Follow-up
the file can be opened for recording
si or reading, but not for both of these operations
radios at the same time. Syntax for
opening the recording file is as follows:        
                                        
  OPEN STREAM NUMBER,"FILENAME",W       
                                        
  When a stream is open for writing, the key
The second word of the BASIC PRINT program is used
is used to write data to this stream.
For example:                               
                                        
1O LET DOS=15619                        
2O RANDOMIZE USR DOS:REM:OPEN #4,"TEST" 
,W                                      
3O PRINT #4;"THIS IS A TEST LINE"       
4O RANDOMIZE USR DOS:REM:CLOSE #4       
                                        
  Note the "DOS" insteadpe-
chat to 15619 and close the file. Chain in
line 3O will be written in the file "TEST"
on disk.  If the file had not been closed,
the data would be lost.  Any closed
the file can be reopened.  For
further operation recording using
reading, changing and re-writing
under a new name.  Syntax for reading
Open file:                    
                                        
  OPEN STREAM NUMBER,"FILENAME",R       
  When the stream is open, use
the SOS INPUT keyword is used to read
extracting data from this stream.  For example
measures:                                    
                                        
1O LET DOS=15619                        
2O RANDOMIZE USR DOS:REM:OPEN #7,"TEST" 
,R                                      
3O INPUT #7;AS                          
                                        
  This "TEST" data file will be loaded
to AS from disk. Random access file
pom is a data file that contains
a certain number of records, numbered
bathrooms from O and above. Record length (max.
254 bytes each) is selected and allocated
appears the first time the file is opened. Record
is stored as a separate line.  Any
the line is written, left aligned
and ends with a carriage return
(ASCII CODE 13). Remaining bytes of write
are lost.  Any string lengthwhich
greater than the record length, will be truncated to
distributed string and written without
carriage return.  When the file is arbitrary
new access opens for the first time, TR-DOS
16 sectors are distributed (for example 4K)
to this file. It will automatically dis-
expand if its length exceeds 4K.
To open a random access file
The following syntax is used:       
                                        
  OPEN STREAM NUMBER,"FILENAME"RND,RE-
CORD LENGTH                             
                                        
  To write to a file, there is
The command syntax is as follows:       
                                        
  PRINT STREAM NUMBER;RECORD NUMBER,VA-
RIABLE NAME                             
 for example:                             
  1OO RANDOMIZE USR
15619:REM:OPEN#8,"ADDRESS"RND,1OO       
  15O PRINT #8;72,DS                    
                                        
  Thread 8 was opened for file "ADD-
RESS", in which for each entry there is a name
1OO bytes started.  DS content was
placed in entry number 72 of this file.
Unlike a sequential file, in
In this case, you can read the file and de-
Write to it when the file is open.
To read a record from a file, use
The command syntax is as follows:        
                                        
  INPUTSTREAM NUMBER;(RECORD NUM-
BER),VARIABLE NAME                      
  for example:                             
  1OO RANDOMIZE USR
15619:REM:OPEN#12,"TEST",RND,2O         
  15O PRINT #12;2O,AS                   
  57O INPUT #12;(15),AS                 
 99O RANDOMIZE USR 15619:REM:CLOSE#12  
  999 END                               
  Line 57O reads the entry with the number
measure 15 (remember this is the 16th entry) and
is loaded into the AS variable.  When everything
file operations are completed, the stream is required
we need to close as indicated in the line
999. If the power goes out
before the stream is closed, the contents will be
lost.  One entry may contain
more than one variable chain. Program
ma must tie together the chains of these
variables to perform the operation for-
pussy.  In the same way the program should
break the chain after a read operation,
if the data needs to be split again
into individual variables.                
                                        
 DIRECT ENTRY/4TEHUE SECTOR 
                                        
  Along with the three types of data file,
described in the last two sections
TRDOS also offers read/write
file DIREST SECTOR.  One sector contains
Lives on disk 256 bytes.  Team PEEK
gives you the ability to read anypart of the file on disk and transfer data
into random access memory. You can-
You can only read one sector at a time
times, and the data can be transferred to any
memory space with random access
pom. The command syntax is as follows:        
                                        
  RACK"FILENAME"BUFFER ADDRESS,SECTOR
NUMBER                                  
  for example:                             
                                        
  REEK "RECORD" ZOO23.5                   
                                        
  In this example, the 5th sector of the file "RE-
CORD" is read and its contents are recorded
written to memory with an arbitrary extension
blunt from the address ZOO23.                  
  The ROKE team gives you the opportunity to
write data sector from memory with production
free access to any place in the file
on disk.                               
  The above is repeated, only with
changed address                      
LD HL,49SOO                        
CALL 15363                           
BACK LD HL,(TEMP)                       
start of CHADD recovery             
LD (CHADD),HL                      
re-downloading the original      
CHADD                                   
RET                                     
refund                                 
TEMP                                    
label,allocating memory for        
temporary storage                     
  All standard program indicating
to the SAVE and LOAD programs, together with co-
precise procedure "return to the point of destination"
yes", takes 47 bytes.                
                                        
 ERROR MESSAGES           
                                        
  When you enter a command into TR-DOS,
the mandate will be executed provided that
she is reliable.  If this command is not
is among those called in TRDOS (LO-
AD, RUN, FORMAT, etc.), TRDOS ignores
her.  If there is a syntax error
or an error occurs when executing a code
commands, a message about
error.  Below are messages about
errors and their causes.        
  NO DISK - there is no disk, or in the disk
the drive has an unformatted disk, or an open
The drive flap is broken.  On the screen you can
the command appears after the prompt A>, you
you can insert a disc and/or close the
drive slot and press ENTER to select
completion of the same team.           
  NO FILE(S) - TRDOS cannot detect
file on disk.  This error appears
also in the case of using any co-
manda, which incorrectly designates
file, for example:                         
  LOAD"TEST"CODE - instead of:
LOAD"TEST"ERASE"DUMMY1"DATA - instead of what-
would be: ERASE"DUMMY2"DATA                   
  *ERROR* - this message appears when
if in the command you typed,
there is a syntax error, for example:   
  SAVE " " - extra spaces             
  ERASE - file name is missing    
  OUT OF MEMORY is a message that appears
This usually occurs when loading a program from
disk and in the absence of sufficient month-
that one in memory for her.  When using
MOVE commands if there is no 4K non-
required workspace.  This
The problem is usually solved by resetting the computer.
Yutera.                                  
  FILE EXISTS - this message will appear
when you decide to write a file of the same type
pas and names, but a file with that name
and type already exists on disk.        
  OVERWRITE EXISTING FILE? U/N is co-
communication appears when encoding everyone
files from disk to disk.  Already exists
file with the same name and the same
type on the destination disk.  You can
enter U for the purpose of overwriting on existing
file or N to ignore
this file.                            
  DISK ERROR - there is a defect on the disk
equality on track XX, in sector UU,
as stated in the message.  You have three
selection: you can type "R" to
try again and, in most cases,
you cases to complete the operation;  "A" -
to interruptsurgery and return to
TRDOS;"I" - to ignore the sector and
continue working with the rest of the operation -
mi.                                     
DISK ERROR                              
TRK XX SEC УУ                           
RETRY,ABORT,IGNORE?                     
 WRITE PROTECT - the disk is write-protected
si. As in the previous version there are three
choice.  However, there is no point in doing it again
try again if you haven't changed the disk
or did not make it protected.          
WRITE PRITECT                           
TRK XX SEC УУ                           
RETRY,ABORT,IGNORE?                     
  VERIFY ERROR - this message may
appear when the VE- command is used
RIFY (check).  The message informs.
that the file on disk is not the same as the file
in memory.                               
  All the above error messages
appear only then, the input is
works with TRDOS.  If the command was issued
with SOS or with machine code, or in some
as direct code, or from a program,
no message will appear on the screen
nia. However, they are written as CO-
DE in reg. pair Z8O. For code use-
The following values are available:                  
                                        
O - no errors                         
1 - no file                          
2 - file exists                    
3 - nospace                   
4 - pointer is full               
5 - record number overflow         
6 - no disk                          
7 - disk errors                    
8 - syntax errors                  
1O - the stream is already open                   
11 - the disk is not formatted               
12 - flow open                       
  To get the error code, set
a variable equal to the command is created
TR-DOS.  This variable will take the value
error code on command completion
TR-DOS.                                 
                                        
  Example i: LET USR=A 15619:REM:CAT     
  Errors i:                             
  1O CLEAR 65376                        
 2O LET ERR=USR 15619:REM:LOAD "COPY"
CODE                                    
  25 REM ERROR CODE IS RETURNED IN THE
VARIABLE ERR                            
  3O IF ERR=1 THEN CLS:PRINT AT
1O,1:"""COPY" CODE NOT ON DISK:         
  STOP                                  
  4O RANDOMIZE USR 32768                
  5O RANDOMIZE USR 15616                
                                        
          INFORMATION ABOUT TR-DOS           
                                        
  1. TRDOS occupies 112 bytes of memory with
random access.                  
  2. Without connected TRDOS RAM use
the caller begins with:A - address 23755 without connected
interface 1                            
  B - address 23812 with connected in-
interface 1-                            
  With the TRDOS RAM connected, the user
la starts with:                        
 A - address 23867 without connected
interface 1                            
  B - address "#(": with connected in-
interface 1.                            
  To record/download/run
program. which uses bytes between
DN 23759 and, say, 23925, you need the following
follow the procedure described in section MA-
GIC.                                    
                                        
  3. TR-DOS uses disk sectors to
storage if the number of bytes exceeds
Shows 256, another sector is used.
This continues until the
the entire file is being recorded. For record 522
bytes required 3 sectors.  Third sec-
torus contains only 1O bytes.  Only
these 1O bytes will be loaded from disk.
The remaining 246 bytes are not loaded,
so as not to overwrite other data that
may be in SOS.                  
                                        
 4. In addition to 112 bytes of RAM TRDOS
a 256 byte buffer is also used,
when accessing the disk.  This one
The buffer is dynamically allocated.
When doing a bignumber of co-
TRDOS mand first shifts the program
BASIC (if it exists) up from
the purpose of creating a buffer.  After completion
commands BASIC program moves
back to your starting position. This op-
the walkie-talkie happens unnoticed.             
                                        
  5. MOVE command requires 4K (minimum)
from SPECTRUM RAM as a worker
space.  If MOVE is executed and
the program is still in memory, it is necessary to re-
reset the computer and
then execute MOVE. Computer translation
to the initial state can be carried out
entered using return to SOS input RAN-
DOMIZE USR O or using the system
switch by moving it to position
"reset".                                
                                        
  6. One disk can contain up to
128 files.                             
                                        
  Drive PIN connector connection. 
  The drive connector is designed
so that it is compatible with SHUGART.  
The pin connections are as follows:        
OV-1 2                              
OV-3 4                              
OV-5 6 - select drive "D"     
OV-7 8 - index                  
OV-9 1O - select drive "A"     
OV-11 12 - select drive "B"     
OV-13 14 - select drive "C"OV-15 16 - head loading (LOAD  
HEAD) (MOTOR ON)                        
OV-17 18 - direction             
OV-19 2O - step                     
OV-21 22 - data recording           
OV-23 24 - with recording capability   
OV-25 26 - TRACK ZERO (zero     
path)                                
OV-27 28 - write protection           
OV-29 3O - data reading       
OV-31 32 - side 1               
OV-33 34                             
                                        
  Connector pin distribution,
looking at the disk interface
on the right looks like this:     
   2 4 34   
  -----------------------------------   
   O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O    
   O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O    
  -----------------------------------   
   1 3 33   
                                        
          SERVICE PROGRAMS           
                                        
  TRDOS uses three service
programs:                              
                                        
 TAPECOPY - program transfer recorded -
noah on cassette;                         
  MAGIC - renaming, copying and
erasing a "family of files" recorded
using the MAGIC button;DOCTOR - DisK doctor.                 
                                        
  To run these programs, paste
utility disk in disco
default values and enter:             
                                        
  RUN"BOOT"                             
                                        
  BASIC program "BOOT" will present at
menu screen and prompts you to select one
from service programs.  You can
also directly call the service
program:                              
                                        
  RUN"TAPECOPY" or                     
  RUN"MAGIC" or                        
  RUN "DOCTOR"                           
                                        
  When the menu appears on the screen,
Please remove the disc containing the utility programs. 
  TAPECOPY utility program - related
a very simple copier, not intended
started to manage commercial
programs, with their complicated measures
protection. The ideal case is to re-
transferring your programs and files onto a cassette tape.
It will copy BASIC,CO- files
DE,ARRAY and DATA provided that the length
the file is no more than CHOOOO bytes. When prog-
frame is loaded, the display will show
the following:                              
                                        
TAPE TO DISK COPIER VER 5.O             
TECHNOLOGYRESEARCH LTD                 
DATA TAPE:                              
FILENAME:                               
CODE LENGTH:                            
START LINE:                             
BASIC LENGTH:                           
PRESS <ВREACК> TO STOP                  
START TAPE                              
                                        
  When the message appears on the display,
remove the service disk.  This program
will record files created on the cassette into
the same drive. When did you replace
disk is the disk that accepts the speed
copied files, all that is needed -
is to play the cassette connected
as usual.  The procedure now proceeds
automatically. The display will give you instructions
about stopping the tape.  At the same time the file
copied to a disk under the same name
I eat, under which it was stored on the tape.  By
you will be notified when the operation is completed,
that the copying tape should be started
next file.  If the file has
same name as the file stored
on the disk, then a transfer will be made on it
record. During the copying process, you can
see the following messages:             
                                        
  START TAPE - to start downloading, press
Press the "play" button on the magnetic
phone                                  
  STOP TAPE - stop the tape recorder,
whenthe program will be copied to disk     
  TAPE LOAD ERROR - rewind and
start over                       
  NOT ENOUGUT MEMORY - program length
exceeds CHOOOO bytes.                   
  To copy it, write down the details
information about the title from the display. Then click
BREAK to return to SOS.  Clear
memory using the RANDOMIZE USR O command
and run the program as usual.  Is-
use header details for purpose
write to disk in the usual way.         
  The MAGIC utility is used
for printing the SPECTRUM 128 program,
a “family” of files is recorded (up to 7).
Working with these files one at a time is very
long. This utility program manages
long. This utility program manages
using the menu will give you the opportunity to
ability to rename, erase or copy
download these files.                         
                                        
  The DOCTOR utility also manages
Can be configured using the menu. She gives you the opportunity
ability to read, check and modify
Copy any sector on the disk. You can-
install the drive (A, B, C or D),
sector (from O to 15) and track (from O to
15O). After this installation you can consider
and write the sector to the buffer.              
  The sector size is 256 bytes.  Contents
buffers can be displayed,
you can pause this process,
by pressing the ENTER key.  Atbuffer if desired
can be written back to disk.  Team
"disk replacement" informs the system that
you have replaced the disk in the drive.  You can
also "check" the disk.