| Info Guide #02 |
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Programming - On multicolor program in general and in particular the MC24.
About multicolor in general and in particular the MC24.
AlCo
The first question that torments the user, who saw on-screen
pretty Multicolor effect - as one put familiarity
so many colors?
Fortunately, in recent years, programmers gradually
unleashed their languages (and sometimes some of the
non-programmer himself comes) and in the computer press began
to appear small articles, sometimes just allusions to the
principle of the effect. I going to do in this article
voluminous work: take stock of their own and others'
achievements in this area and, of course, tell the practical
side of this issue.
Chapter 1.
General principle.
Effects Multicolor most of all
similar to the effects of bordernym - on CPU utilization and
intolerance on the clones. They are also close to the famous
problem <July>, or <gap>: when the beam scan
catching up with the construction of images in the bottom of
the screen visible to the previous frame, whereas top - the
right (or vice versa), but separates their band gap, or
<Mirror>.
The first thing to understand the principle of
display screen.
66% of the time displayed on the screen or
curb, or nothing (go back moves the sweep). The rest of the
time from the memory (or rather, from the current video page)
are selected two bytes: the mask and attribute them to the known
principles are applied within 4 strokes are displayed on the
screen in the form of 8 points.
From this it follows directly that every
attribute byte is read eight times - obviously
wasteful, though just try to realize
differently. That's what we use: if the attribute byte to
change in time, the familiarity fall height. The ideal size
Multicolor familiarity - 1x8 pixels - on neturbirovannoy
machine is unreachable for the entire screen. Often used in
familiarity 2x8 - mazh though the entire screen, there is still
time left. 4x8 mode is even easier - you just need to toggle
on-screen pages.
Chapter 2.
Constants.
Lists the parameters for the sweep , as most
standard machine Not long ago, but sunk in stormy
the flow of brake clones (primarily
is ).
- The length of the frame (how many clock cycles between two
scans of adjacent frames) - 71,680 cycles. - Length of the
line - 224 bar. - Break begins - from the beginning reverse
sweep. - Strings in the top of the Border - 64.
- Line the bottom of the Border - 48.
- Total lines on the screen - 304 = 38 * 8.
- Includes unseen - 320 = 40 * 8.
- From: bars to the top of the graphical display - 17,920 = 80
* 224. (Actually, for constructing multicolor need only know
two constants - the string length and number of cycles to the
top edge. The last parameter in Pros and ATM is 14,336, the
remaining clones unknown.)
Chapter 3.
Classics.
Date of invention, multicolor unknown, as well as the
unknown inventor. In package SuperCode (1983), these procedures
do not, Although there is static on the band
Border. Perhaps to clarify these issues should be a good
rummage in the compilation of or <Your
Sinclair>, but in Russian, these logs were not released, but to
get the original problematic. Therefore, just the facts:
Most well-known classical multicolor dated 1985-86. As the
years greatest Spectrum .
Sometimes familiarity replaced Multicolor stripes on the
curb - this effect is used in copiers <Last hope>.
In games <Venom strikes back>, ,
<Little Puff> shifty Multicolor stripes are present in the game
menyu.V <Monty run> they are in the menu items.
Programme of the then giants of the machine
Code (James Hatchbi, brothers Oliver), and
all Spanish program do without Multicolor
effektov.Prenebrezhenie it or difficulties with mastering
effects - is unknown.
Later in the countries of Eastern Europe began the actual
experiments in this field. The strips have already tried to do
the horizontal and combined with bordernymi. (Although
bordernye stripes have tried to combine with standard screen:
Italian SuperCar (Code Masters), the same Venom.) Classic
example - Part 2 Shock megademo (ESI, Poland). Just make a
reservation: they do not pervye.Byla some demo without music:
on the Border and the screen from the center line and escaped
rainbow stripes.
Our people quickly mastered the effect.
The first (not guaranteed!) Multicolor
the picture was in the Gift MULTDEMO (Flash Inc.)
It consisted of eight-points of the 1x4 and
size was 16 * 16 familiarity.
Multicolor most famous picture was, of course,
CodeBusters'ovskaya. Demonstration of Satisfaction (1994) was
then a real discovery. People stuck to the screen
trying to understand what the hell, it's all
done. Well, not counting those comrades who, without
understanding the intricacies of special programming in
assembly language, just listen Digital Mouzon from another part
of the demo;). He By the way, is still unmatched, as well as
picture ... The picture was shown in
box 14 * 14. (Why not 16 * 16? Because walking
mapping, and this extra 25 cycles per line.)
Since then, the tradition in multicolor
asked solely RST7.
EYE ACHE (1996) - Mode 4x4 in 8 colors.
Before that, nobody (at least, know who) is not used. And then
- Real Time MultiColor Rotator area two and a half thousand and
points! Zoom Rotator 4x4 / 8 was in BINARYLOVE (DR, 1997). (The
algorithm, of course, has nothing in common but the main thing -
idea!) Sine Plasma mode 1x8 - also did not
a very bad effect. Repeated (on the box in
1 / 4 screen) in a demo of bourgeois LAZARUS.
EYE ACHE February (1997) - 2 SinePlasm'y mode 2x8, which had
hitherto been used only neplavnyh effects (sm.ECHOLOGY).
3 effects in the resolution of the original 4x4/8.Mars
MultiColor mode 1x8/64. Pictures mode 4x4/64 (horizontal
hatching) and one in the mode of 2x2 / 8 (in the epilogue, for
some reason called 2x2/2048? - /)
1 (adyn) times, where Ito used a shimmering version of
4x4/64.
Sineplasma 2x4 / 8 Repeat in EMERGENGY
(Real Masters, 1998). Still some great effects in 4x4/64 are
worthy ornament of their demo ANAMNESIS.
Chapter 4.
Practical implementation.
Consider the implementation of multicolor 1x8.
What is required: after the arrival interrupt
wait until the top of the screen and in the upper distribute
the familiarity some Moore.
To the top of the screen should go
know in advance the number of ticks, so that the first
interrupt mode in any case can not be used. Therefore,
including the second mode and hang up on him multicolor:
ATTRS EQU 0; ADDRESS ATTRIBUTES multicolor
ORG 24576
CALL SETIM; SETS THE INTERRUPTION
CALL 8020
JR C, $ -3; Wait BEFORE BREAK
IM 1
RET
SETIM LD HL, IMER
LD DE, 65524
LD BC, 12
LDIR; TRANSFER Hooks
LD A, 59, 59-th interrupt vector
LD I, A; POINTS IN 65535
IM 2
RET
IMER PUSH AF
PUSH BC
PUSH HL
CALL PROG
POP HL
POP BC
POP AF
RST 56; possible juzat FROM BASIC
RET
JR IMER
PROG PUSH DE; possible and in IMER, BUT WILL SEE ...
LD HL, 679, OR 541 FOR PROS
DEC HL
LD A, H
OR L
JR NZ, $ -3; PAUSE, like, twisted
LD HL, ATTRS
LD A, 8; OSEM LINES Piha
PROG0 LD DE, # 5800; ADDRESS ATTRIBUTES OF SCREEN
LD BC, 9
LDIR
NOP
DEC A
JR NZ, PROG0; 10 +10 +184 +4 +4 +12 = 224
POP DE
RET
You do not find that 9 CHR $ - narrowish
for multicolor? Then replace LDIR on
LDI:
PROG PUSH DE
LD HL, 679
DEC HL
LD A, H
OR L
JR NZ, $ -3
LD HL, ATTRS
LD DE, # 5800
LD A, E
LD BC, # 8FF; SHOP BE NOT me:)
PROG0 DUP 13
LDI
EDUP
LD E, A
DJNZ PROG0; = 225 (STILL does not matter)
POP DE
RET
Still narrow, but what can you do - cycle
is a cycle, and LDI is LDI. Keep in mind that in real
multicolor cycles do not use, and instead inflated (sometimes
This process is called DeCrunch), for example, such a program:
POP HL
LD (NN), HL
POP HL
LD (NN +2), HL
... 8 * 26 +16 = 224 clocks.
POP HL whole Labuda repeat
LD (NN +14), HL satisfies many times (the rate
NOP lko lines on the screen)
NOP
NOP
NOP
Process like this, often referred to as
<Output through a stack>, although it should be soon
call because this conclusion through
the stack goes through PUSH. POP-method often used when printing
sprites (faster and a register pair
exempt).
Program that creates such a sequence, I usually call the
maker. Paste it into our program:
MAKER LD HL, TABLO
LD DE, # 5800
LD C, 12, 12 familiarity in height
MAK0 LD B, 8, 8 lines in familiarity
MAK1 PUSH BC
PUSH DE
LD B, 8
MAK2 LD (HL), 225; POP HL
INC HL
LD (HL), 34; LD (..), HL
INC HL
LD (HL), E
INC HL
LD (HL), D
INC HL
INC E
INC E
DJNZ MAK2
LD B, 4
MAK3 LD (HL), 0; NOP
INC HL
DJNZ MAK3
POP DE
POP BC
DJNZ MAK1
LD A, E; MOVES
ADD A, 32; NEXT
LD E, A; familiarity
JR NC, $ +3; (familiar with the procedure
INC D; 8 +16-> 16)
DEC C
JR NZ, MAK0
LD (HL), 49; LD SP,
INC HL
LD (PROG +2), HL
INC HL
INC HL
LD (HL), 201; RET
RET
PROG LD (0), SP; SAVES SP (NOT ROM, COZ)
LD HL, 679
DEC HL
LD A, H
OR L
JR NZ, $ -3
LD SP, ATTRS
TABLO
Before CALL SETIM, of course, should stand CALL MAKER.
Thus (unless, of course, I do not navertel errors) usually
do multicolor a la MEGASCREEN.Izmeneniem number (and content),
empty commands and constants in the PROG You can adjust it for
different types of computers.
The program can be further simplified, but
Then she nerestanet be as universal: an eightfold repetition of
identical commands must be enclosed in a ring; then working
part will be eight times shorter, and maker, even a little bit
easier.
LD C, A
METKA POP HL
LD (NN), HL
POP HL
LD (NN +2), HL
...
POP HL
LD (NN +14), HL
DEC C
JR NZ, METKA
NOP / 4; this BS once in four CHR $
With additional tricks can be the same method to throw 18CHR
$ MultiColor - For this top line of familiarity
to fill the attributes in advance, in the
early termination. One of the rooms ZXRevyu someone called this
the most multicolor wide from achievable at Pentagon.
Chapter 5.
Multicolor in 24 CHR $.
As is known, POP-method is not best metod.Po least I have
walked on this issue in the previous issue zhurnala.Tak now
let's see what a PUSH.
LD DE, ...
PUSH DE
...
Very inconvenient, especially in our case,
that PUSH is working towards reducing adresov.Esli so fill
every line, then we'll see on the screen <Yulu>. It can be
avoided in several ways, so leave this
problem. Here is the problem more complicated.
Try to calculate the maximum width of a multicolor PUSH:
l = 224 / 5.10 = 21.3333!
What will happen now - just throw it
idea? Not worth it, if we recall that:
1) 18CHR $ MultiColor too ~ can not be>;
2) the 128k is a second screen area.
The method consists in the fact that pre-fill two top lines
in each of familiarity, so directly in while constructing the
screen will handle all
24 * 6 = 144 bytes
for
224 * 8 = 1792 cycles;
Total
1792 / 144 ¢ 12.4 cycles per byte.
Now that's more like a reality.
Although a certain percentage of time will
switch display pages, and not
all bytes are thrown through the PUSH: some and
by LD ... Once the beam begins draws the first byte in
znakomestnoy line, multicolor after it begins to change the
bytes on the screen. Once the line is filled, filled line on
the another screen stranitse.Razumeetsya every
224 clock cycles needed to switch ekrany.Multikolor begins
increasingly lag behind the sweep, and when it will surpass its
for two terms and is already sitting on his tail, He quickly
throws his last byte of the index registers (pre-filled, of
course).
To understand what a beauty, it must be
write your own.
Source program, which implements
This multicolor, lies in the junk. It's called MC24.H.
Chapter 6.
Multicolor or full screen.
At each Multicolor picture caught <nemultikolornye> area
where the attribute familiarity 1x8 coincides with the
attribute neighboring top familiarity. Therefore,
You can use the engine from 18CHR $ MultiColor, removing it
unnecessary POP-LD. Of course, not every image will suffer a
, but in this case we can write some very clever
algorithm <Optimization>.
In the example (STARWARS.H) optimization procedure trial and
are not optimized :-).
Remember: the effects of this method is not applicable!
(Although, of course, if you ... then ..)
Chapter 7.
Multicolor 2x8.
Achievable on the entire screen, even
with the external attribute table (which is not
say about the MC24). The method used POP-LD
without any frills:
OUT (C), D
NOP
POP HL
LD (# 5800), HL
POP HL
LD (# 5802), HL
...
POP HL
LD (# 581E), HL
OUT (C), E
NOP
POP HL
LD (# D800), HL
POP HL
LD (# D802), HL
...
POP HL
LD (# D81E), HL
etc.
As you probably already guessed, BC should be equal to
32,765, D = 31, E = 23.
Chapter 8.
Multicolor screen mode.
With multicolor and X-color'ov on
Speccy probably about 40 different graphics modes. Enumerate
them.
MC means MultiColor, ie simply compressed
familiarity; GREY color means, obtained from
by shading; COL means that the color of each point does not
depend on the colors of neighboring points; OPT means that
there are some restrictions on the display kartinku.Poslednee
number in the line - number screens.
Some of the modes contain other
regimes as podmnozhestva.Esli shows the number of
colors, you can always use less
;).
Standard screen
MC 1x8
MC 2x8
MC 4x8
83-color / 2 (Mortal Kombat)
83-MC 1x8 / 2
83-MC 2x8 / 2
83-MC 4x8 / 2
8 COL 64x192 (MULTDEMO)
8 COL 64X96 (ECHOLOGY)
8 COL 64X48 (EYE ACHE)
8 COL 32x48
8 COL 64X24 (WOLFDEMO)
64 COL 64x192 / 2
64 COL 64x96 / 2
64 COL 64x48 (EYE ACHE 2)
64 COL 32x128 (EYE ACHE 2)
256 COL 64x48 / 2 (4R, 4G, 4B, 4W)
512 COL 64x48 / 2 (8R, 8G, 8B)
64 COL 32x24 (VIBRATIONS)
2 COL 512x192 / 2
3 OPT 256x192
4 COL 256x192 / 2
5 OPT 256x192 / 2
8 COL 256X192 / 3
16 COL 128x96 / 2 (RGBW)
81 COL 128x96 / 2 (3R, 3G, 3B, 3W)
256 COL 128x96 / 2 (4R, 4G, 4B, 4W)
4 COL 128x96 / 2 (EYE ACHE)
22 COL 128x96 / 2 (colored dots)
4 COL 256X96
8 OPT 128x192 (3 colors for 4 points)
8 OPT 128X96 (EYE ACHE 2)
15 OPT 96x96
83 OPT 96x96
5 GREY 128x96
Seven GREY 128x64 (everyone goes
7 GREY 86x96 crazy in their own way ...)
9 GREY 64x96
9 GREY 128x48
10 GREY 86x64 (SHIT 4 BRAIN)
Seven GREY 128x96 (in multicolor)
September BLUE 128x96 (with a blue tint)
17 GREY 64X48 (chunks)
It is possible that I forgot something or
overlooked. If so, then let me know
about this, please.
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