Clones - The publication of this article was hanging by a thread after I saw the contents of the last issue of the newspaper "Paragraph" - there was an article with a similar title.

                                 
                                 
                                 
                       -+----------------+
 :xx/0З/06: +--------+  | Sinc Re-Stared !
!  +---+----+ +--+---+--+        issue З  
+--+  -+------+ -+-----------------------+
+--+                                     |
!                                         
(от редактора)                            
   Публикация этой статьи висела на волос-
ке, после того как я увидел содержание по-
следнего номера  газеты "@бзaц" - там была
статья с  похожим названием.  Однако я зря
волновался,  так что  Вы теперь  можете ee
свободно прочитать.                       
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 (based on materials from the planetofsinclair website)  
 http://www.nvg.org/sinclair/       
                                          
(C) translation scalesmann                   
                                          
 Fairly simple computer architecture
Sinclair's tepob became easy prey
for pirates. After just a few
many years after the release of the ZX81 and ZX Spectrum,
a huge amount has been produced around the world
the number of their illegal copies. But basically
The main centers of clone production were
Territories: South America, Hong Kong/Ki-
Thai and Eastern Europe.                   
                                          
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South America                            
------------------------------------------
                                          
 Sinclair computers were not officially introduced
settled inSouth America,but thanks to "se-
Roma "export toBrazil and Aprehtuhy time
leaked from time to time.  Absence
serious legislative protection of intellectual
tual property allowed the production
children of these countries to make copies of the
Pewters Timex  and Sinclair, almost
identical to the originals.                    
                                          
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Hong Kong/China                           
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Sinclair computers were officially pre-
feet in Japan and spread through
company Mitsui, specializing in the introduction
ze goods fromEngland (such as, for example,
cars Jaguar). Also,as inSouthern
Americaweak legislation allowed
local manufacturers in Gon Kohre
production of productsSinclair.  B
this subsequently resulted in the creation of the Korean
skiy and Japanese computers, based on
which lay down MSX standard.                   
                                          
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Eastern Europe                        
------------------------------------------
                                          
 The largest number of Spectrum clones
was produced behindthe "Iron Curtain",
in Soviet countries. There were a lot of cars
produced in Soviet Union, clones appeared
were also found inPoland, East Germany,
Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Romania.          
 During Cold War import of high-tech
similar goods to Soviet countries
bloc was tightly controlled by Western states
governments - they were afraid that the received
things or technology developed on their basis
logy can be used in the military
purposes. (the knees of the bourgeoisie began to shake :)
- approx. trans.) This made it very difficult to
new receipt of sinclair machines.  At that time
the average salary in USSR was 250
rubles per month, and Spectrum  cost about
40,000 rubles - the equivalent of 13 years of labor
average person (excluding
the fact that in addition to the computer, a person also
I had to eat and cover myself with something -
approx. lane) Despite this, the population
body touch the world of home computers
tepob. Complete absence of legislation
prohibitions meant that clones became a standard
nobatb in batches.                           
(of course, many additional features
chax such as a light pen, zx printer orinterface-1 the vast majority of people
and didn’t hear - approx. lane)               
 Note that at the time when Western
de Spectrum  has already given its last ends
(early 90s of the last century), in In
eastern Europe  production of spec-
trom-compatible machines, and also came out
various programs.  (and now also :)
- approx. lane)                            
                                          
------------------------------------------
Clones from South America.                   
------------------------------------------
                                          
 Companies Brazil and Argentinawere
Quite a large number were produced
clones of computers from companiesSinclair and Timex.
But by the end of the 80s they slowly died out, you
crowded with more advanced MSX computers
ramie from Japan.                           
                                          
------------------------------------------
                                          
to some of the models described below on
There were no accompanying documents on the website.
pictures, so about the appearance of these cars
we can only guess. several
kim, the available information is very scarce.
Delhi, with accompanying pictures
/cm. application/, marked with the icon *)     
                                          
------------------------------------------
ZX80 clones                               
------------------------------------------
                                          
NE-Z80. Produced byNova Electro-
nica/Prologica (Brazil) since 1981. Ob-
got along almost completelycompatibility with the original
cash Z.25 MHz Z80A CPU, 4Kb ROM, 1Kb RAM.
                                        
TK82. Almost 100% compatible with ZX80, external
it is very reminiscent ofZX81. HasChkb ROMand
2kb RAMwith the possibility of expansion up to 16.
Produced by Microdigital, Brazil. 
                                          
TK82c.  1981.  Almost identical
previous device + 8Kb ROM.           
                                          
------------------------------------------
ZX81 clones                             
------------------------------------------
                                          
ApplуЗOO. * Model 198З from the company CDSE
(Centro de Desenvolvimento de Systemas
Electronicos), Brazil.Modernized
option  ZX81.  Umeeet Z.25Mhz  processor
Z80A, 8Kb ROM and 16Kb RAM, which are also
The range could be expanded to 48.         
                                          
AS-1000. Information about the year of production
no. Clone ZX81, produced Eng-
ebras of Brazil.No other information -
tweets.                                    
                                          
SR-200. * 1982.Clone ZX81 in an extended package
rpuse. Very exact copy, Z.25 MHz Z80A
CPU, 8Kb ROM and  16Kb RAM.  Production -
Prologica, Brazil.                      
                                          
CZ 1000.1981 Clone ZX81 from Czerweny Elect-
ronica, Argentina. No other information
missing.                                  
                                          
NE-Z8000. 1982.  Clone ZX81, released
Nova Electronica/Prologica, Brazil. Has-
e2Kb RAM and8Kb ROM.                     
                                          
Ringo R470. * 1981. Based on16Kb ZX81,
Z.25Mhz Z80A CPUand 8Kb ROM,clad in
much larger body with push-button key
viatura.  (not adequately translatedsmog.
maybe because it's 12 am?  :D -
approx. lane) However, compatibility with the original
cash is not complete.  Manufacturer - Ritas do
Brasil.                                   
                                          
TK8Z. 1982. Almost complete cloneZX81
similar konyce. Has a built-in jo-port
controller, 8Kb and 2Kb RAM (there was a possibility
expansion up to 64Kb). Released by Micro-
digital, Brazil.                        
                                          
------------------------------------------
Timex/Sinclair clones                    
------------------------------------------
                                          
CZ 1500.1982? Clone of the model TS 1500 from Cze-
rweny Electronica,Argentina. Other information
there is no ration.                               
                                          
TK85. * 1982. Despite the similarity with the spec-
trom, in fact this car is a clone
TS 1500. Built-in joystick port, 10Kb
ROM and 16Kb RAM.  A very popular clone.
Produced in Brazil by Microdigi-
tal.                                      
                                          
------------------------------------------
ZX Spectrum clones                       
------------------------------------------
                                          
CZ 2000. 198З? Spectrum clone from Czerweny
Electronica, Argentina.Other information
no.   CZ Spectrum. 198З? Almost the same
same as the previous model + 2 joyce ports
teak. No other information available.      
                                          
CZ Spectrum+.  1984? Model CZ 2000 in box
nyce from Spectrum+.                        
                                          
TK90X. * 1985. Spectrum clone in a similar package
rpuse. The video memory area and ROM were
changes - there are no "creeping dots" ("dot
crawl"), no NMI errors, two additional
commands  (TRACE and UDG) and Portuguese
language in addition, which sometimes caused errors
with compatibility. Built-in joystick port
ka. Microdigital, Brazil.               
                                          
TK95. * 1986. Improved version of the previous one
models withmore complete compatibility and
improved keyboard. Microdigital, Bra-
Ziliya.                                    
                                          
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Clones from Asia                            
------------------------------------------
                                          
(yes, it's a strong word - "clones". :) available
information on just one of them. - approx.
lane)                                    
                                          
------------------------------------------
                                          
For a long time East Asia, and in some
nessHong Kong,has become a world center
illegal copying of electronic products
liy. Appearing on the markets quite quickly
Gon Kohra, this product even fell into
North Americaand Europe.                
                                          
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Lambda 8З00. *  (known as RS 2000,
RS 8З00,Power 8З00, BASIC 2000,BASIC З000)
1982? Clone ZX81,produced by Lambda Elec-
tronics Limited, Hong Kong. Quite a re-
a flawed clone with its own ROM, but could
supplied with ROM fromZX81for more
mectumoctu. Internally similar to ZX81,but additional
definitely equipped with a single-channel cnukep
(like the Spectrum),  joystick port by
standard Atari and video output to mohoxpo-
multiple monitor. This car itself was cloned
pobaha other Chinese and Hong Kong
companies and was produced under a variety of
various names.                       
                                          
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Clones from Eastern Europe                
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Just as in the Soviet Union, population
the majority of people could not help themselves
allow, had no chance of getting lega-
personal copy of computers Sinclair, but
there was also nothing stopping them from producing
two clones. Which, in fact, is what they did.
Almost every country that is part of the Co-
Vetsky camp, released at least one
clone of Sinclair machines (possibly excluding Bo-
lgariya). Just like Russians, eastern
European manufacturers not only copy
did, but also tried to improve the original
new model.                               
                                          
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ZX Spectrum clones                       
------------------------------------------
CIP-OZ. * 198З? Clone of ZX Spectrum, manufactured
day to light Electronica of Romania.       
                                          
Composite. * 198Z? Externally very similar to ZX
Spectrum, with processor Zilog Z80A inside,
16Kb RAM and a copy of Ferranti ULA. Made in
Slovakia.                                 
                                          
Didaktik Gama. * 1987-89. Thoroughly re-
Rebuilt Spectrum clone from Slovakia.
Produced Didaktik Skalica,in three versions
yakh 1987,1988 and 1989, in each of the
which corrected the errors of the previous one. All
models had8Okb RAM and 1bkb ROM, originallinen Ferranti ULA, Z80A CPUand Russian mi-
memory crossovers. Because of this scatter
mnohehtob,Didaktik Gamawas not 100% consistent
mectuma with Spectrum.                    
                                          
Didaktik M 90/91. * 1990-1991. Late version
these Didaktik Gam's, also produced in
Slovakia. Contained 64Kb RAM, but actually
ki was used only 48.  Two ports
joystick (Kempston and Sinclair), parallel
link port and output for connecting to a mo-
nitoru.  Two versions were produced - 1990 and
1991 There was a musical co-process
rubbish                                      
                                          
Didaktik Kompakt. * 1991. Subsequent time
orbit Didaktik M, including Z.5" disk drive
with a non-standard format 8ХOkb. All remaining
linen is almost identical Didaktik M.        
It is noteworthy that bothDidaktik M,and Kompakt
still produced in Germany by the company
Sintech and are sold at prices ranging from 50 to 200
euro. More detailed information on the website
http://www.sintech-shop.de               
(interesting, but confirm or onpobep-
I wouldn’t give this information away just yet -
lo possibilities. - approx. lane)            
                                          
Elwro 600 Jr. * The year of release is unknown. By-
Polish clone, similar in appearance to the original
Spectrum, but with an extended keyboard and
folding paper stand (!).       
                                          
Elwro 800-2 Jr.  Release year unknown.Identical to the previous one with the addition of disco
water and SR/M.                              
                                          
NS-85. Year of manufacture unknown.  Romanian
Spectrum clone from ICE-Felix. (Abbreviation
NS means "Nome Computer").             
                                          
NS-91. * Same as above, but with keyboard
PC-style swarm.                           
                                          
HCX. 1987 Spectrum clone from Magdeburg (Ma-
gdeburg), East Germany. Due to the archi-
textures had incomplete compatibility.      
                                          
NT Z080S. 1986. Hungarian Spectrum clone,
producedHiradastechnikai Szovetke-
zet. 64Kb RAM, 32Kb ROM, AY-chip,similar, but
not compatible with Spectrum 128. NT Z080Swas
clone Spectrum'a andTRS-80, therefore had
port from commodore. Designed for schools
backwards compatible with previous ones
models of this company - HT 1080Z  and
HT 2080Z (TRS-80 clones).                  
                                          
Mistrum. Year unknown. Czech clone special
ctrum.                                   
                                          
Spectral. 1988.  Released afterHCX, this
the East German clone was performed in two
options - with 64Kb or 128Kb memory. Stan-
The kit also included a joy-interface
ctuka. Sold as a designer by the company
Hubner Elektronik, Erfurt.     
                                          
Unipolbrit 2086. * Year of manufactureunknown
Now this is a rare thing, a clone of TS 2068. On-
title means abbreviation of the phrase "United
Polish British".Produced with 64Kb RAM and
modifiedROM,in addition 48K
ROM from Spectrumto ensure compatibility
bridges. Has a parallel printer port,
joystick port as on the real TS 2068.  
                                          
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Russian Spectrums                        
------------------------------------------
                                          
(here we have reached ours. I hope not yet
tired / or at this point I’ve already become
fall asleep slowly. bah, it's almost dawn
there will be! :)/)                             
                                          
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 Most of the Sinclair clones were produced
conducted in the republics of the formerSoviet
Union, more than in all other countries
nah, combined. The main center of production
breeding and use of clones was theRSFSR.
For many reasons, these clones differed from
real prototype. The main factor is
there was a difference in the alphabet; some clo-
We had support for two alphabets: Latin-
anyone and Russian. There are a lot of Russians today -
today remain users of this
platforms, despite the dominant gender
motionRS.                                 
                                          
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Baltic (aka Baltica).  1988. Spectrum clone
based on the Soviet analogue of the crystal Z80
K556PT4 (K1SSРЭЗ), working on a different
current frequency - 4MHz, which was the reason for the non-
which incompatibility.  Produced in
Baltic countries, as is clear from the name
nia.   Delta. * 1991. Clone similar to Spectrum+ with
two joystick ports(Sinclair and Kemps-
top). Produced inZelenograd, nearby
from Moscow.                                
                                          
Delta S-128. 1990. Spectrum clone from the sky
greater hardware differences from the original.
Based on a processor with a frequency
that7MHz.  There were built-in ports for
both types of joysticks(Sinclair and Kemps-
top), RGB and TV outputs, printer interface,
music coprocessor and disk drive. Produced
found in Voronezh, Kazan and other cities
dakh (according to some sources, also in the South-
Slavia).                                  
                                          
Digra.* ? It is believed that this clone was produced
was run by a company calledDynamo Compu-
ter. No other information.               
                                          
Dynael M.48V. Year of production, photo
and other information is missing.          
                                          
Ella Ra (aka Elara-Disk 128).  1991. Spec-
Trum-128-clone with disk drive and two ports
joystick (Sinclair, Kempston);  several
incompatible with the original.                 
                                          
Hobbit. * 1990. Made in Leningrad. You-
high level of compatibility and technical
bells and whistles:Z.5MHz Z80 CPU, 64Kb RAM,two
5.25" disk drive, three joystick ports, pa-
parallel and serial ports, supported
network support, external support
disk drives and hard drives. A large number of
qualityHobbitsproduced for Russians
schools Second version, produced in 1991
year, equipped with a built-in
case with a disk drive 3.5" (as in the Amiga).   
                                          
Jet. Apart from the name, there is no data
Yes.                                    
                                          
Kau 1024. 1998. Bridge between Spectrum and
PC: 10MHz CPU, 1M RAM and hard drive.
eKempston and Sinclair joystick interfaces
ka, printer interface and support for external
disk drives.                               
                                          
Krasnogorsk. 1990. Produced nearby
from Moscow, this computer was something average
between Baltic and Leningrad-1.Bol-
did not gain wide distribution on the market. 
                                          
Kvant-VK. * (it just says that this is a clone
Spectrum. no date of manufacture of the first model
Delhi, no information about the manufacturer and characteristics
ktepuctukax there is no unit. although the photo
available. - approx. lane)                   
                                          
Kvorum. Spectrum clone, other information
no.                                      
                                          
Kvorum-64. Date unknown. Spectrum clone
from bChkb memory.                            
                                          
Kvorum-128. ? More advanced version with
128kb memory with the ability to work not so
only in TR-DOS, but also SR/M.                 
                                          
Kvorum-128+. ? Identical to the previous one, but with
3.5" disk drive.                          
                                          
Leningrad-1. 1989. Simple and compact ma-
a tire that has gained popularity. However, the Soviet
We do not fit 100% (filling features).     
                                          
Leningrad-2. 1991. More advanced version
with built-in Kempston joystick port
ka.                                       
                                          
Magic. * 1990. In addition to photographs, other data
no.                                  
                                          
Master. * 1990. Spectrum clone from parameter-
mi, close to the original: 48Kb RAM, 16Kb
ROM and built-in port Kempston joystick.
                                          
Master K11. * 1991. Spectrum clone from the city
yes Ivanovo. A subsequent version is possible
Master.                                 
                                          
MS-64. * 199З. A clone containing bChkb
RAM,production Peters+.                
                                          
Mistrum. Year of manufacture - approximately 1989
No other information.                    
                                          
Moskva. 1988. A very popular clone in co-
betckom market, was produced in large quantities
persons.                                
                                          
Moskva-128. 1989. Clone Spectrum 128,with in-
joystick interfaces and printer port, but
without music coprocessor and disk drive.
TV/RGB monitor output.                  
                                          
Nafanja. 1990. Spectrum clone with built-in
joystick port and disgusting keyboard
round buttons.  Everything is placed in
one body for a more convenient tpahcnoptu-
roving. Most likely developed for co-
Vetsky "elite" (which follows from its price:
650 rubles - more than two months' salary
wages of the average worker).    
                                          
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it is unknown for what reason, but on the website
There were no accompanying pictures for
zx computer, which has become a de facto standard
for the domestic demoscene.              
                                          
------------------------------------------
                                          
Pentagon-48. 1989. Clone, similar to Moscow,
but without RGB output and more pleasant cnuke-
rom.                                      
                                          
Pentagon-128. 1989. Clone128thspectrum,
similar to Moscow-128.  This is not official
model, a user modification; cars once
differed in both appearance and components.
Now the standard Pentagon configuration
considered Pentagon 512 Turbo with 512Kb RAM,
two disc-gnawers and Misha Kempston.    
                                          
Robik. * 1991. Quite a passable clone with built-in
shared joystick port and monitor output
torus (RGB, Hercules or EGA). There is a re-
switch between Cyrillic and Latin.   
                                          
Santaka 002. 1990. Clone produced at
military plant, conversion, you know.
(swords to Spectrums? :)).More reliable and
more durable than some other clones.
(by the way, the military did it :). - approx. trans.) 
                                          
Scorpion ZS-256.  1992-... 100% compatiblebridge with the original.  Processor Z80V, 25bkb
RAM.Serial and parallel inter-
faces, drive controller and TR-DOS, system
dark connector, thanks to which this
the clone could work in conjunction with some
another device.                       
(it was further said that scorpions continue
ut to release and was given a link to the website of the fi-
rms. in fact, this company has long been
pryet spare parts for pc. about Spectrum
the past is reminiscent only of the price list, displayed
posted on the site as a reminder of the previous
activities.  production has long been fresh
torn, but there might have been some left in the warehouse
then the amount of unsold products,
which you may in some situation yes-
send it out. this probability is quite low
- approx. lane)                            
                                          
Sever (Nord) 48/002. * 1990. Spectrum clone
with 64Kb RAM and16Kb ROM.                    
                                          
Sintez 2. * 199З. Moldavian copy Spe-
ctrum+ with output to TV and monitor,
built-in joystick port.                
                                          
Spektr 48. * 1990. Clone with the possibility of re-
Switching between Russian and Latin script
tami. Based on the domestic analogueZ80A
KPS80-80A,a film keyboard was used
atura in the style of ZX81, which compared to the
more convenient keyboards of other clones
looked like a step backwards.                    
                                          
Sprinter. 1996.  So shoveled
clone, that it is difficult to recognize the Spectrum in it.
(in fact, it is probably more correct to 
look at the sprinter as an independent
platform with the ability to switch to
Spectrum mode - approx. lane).Processor
Z84С15 CPU 28MHz (switchable
at Z.5MHz for backwards compatibility) 4Mb
RAM and 128K ROM. Equipped with 5.25" or 3.5"
disk drives and hard drive controller, a
also two ISA slotsextensions. Parallel
lazy and serial ports; as
your sound device performed
AY-Z-8910 or COVOX.Screen -640x256with
ability to use simultaneously 512
colors from a palette of16 million colors.
Supports TR-DOSand MS-DOS.                
                                          
ZX Next ?  Spectrum clone based on
two processorsZ80 - the second is used
like a video controller.  Video mode 640x200
(CGA)                                    
(I really can’t say anything about this
computer, becauseI only heard about him in
someone's release of the ZX-Review for 1992, but also
then it was just mentioned in passing that
that developments are underway in this direction.
whether proof copies were produced, or
the project remained just a project - to us
unknown. - approx. lane)                
                                          
ZX-Profi. 1990. Powerful Spectrum clone with
one megabyte of memory and the CP/M system.
Available music coprocessor, control
Winchester controller, serial and parallel
convenient interfaces, as well as turbo mode.  
                                          
"ZX Spectrum". 1990e. Group of several
types of clones produced under the name
original ZX-Spectrum, and sometimes even
without a specific name.  (interesting,
How is it possible to release a computer without permission?
rank? it's like buying a pig in a poke -
approx.  lane). Have similar characteristics
sticks                                 
                                          
------------------------------------------
                                          
here is the list of currently known
day of Spectrum clones ever released -
lice. however, for some reason they ignored it
such a variant of Spectrum asATMbut with other
on the other hand,ATMis now being produced,
The same cannot be said about the others. unofficial
official support site... unofficial site
support... ugh, damn it, in short, if you
need information on the computer ATM, blow
at http://atmturbo.nedopc.com            
                                          
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