Spectrofon #12 24 марта 1995

Игры     Программирование

Premiere - two author of "rhyme" - training verbal account, and LIFE - allows us to investigate a mathematical model of the fission cells.

           PREMIER



   Today we present to you
the attention of two programs from our readers.


          "Rhymes"


VADIM GREPAN: I offer you a tutorial on the mathematics
(Verbal score) for children 7-9 years.
The general idea - for each correct answer lifts the veil on a 
beautiful picture. The program contains many beautiful 
pictures, they appear randomly. The main purpose of the pupil - 
to open picture.



   At the end of each exam
Once the picture is
open the computer puts the estimate
in an electronic diary.


   Dignity of the program is
that the menu you can configure the type of
generated examples (+,-,*,/,
mixed), their number, the procedure involved the numbers (0 .. 9
0 .. 99), and more. Number of images
more than thirty, which allows
Playing not to bother. All pictures are original and drawn by
artist Alexei Darwin
specifically for the "rhymes".
Built-in detailed documentation.



"S": We met with the program of our correspondents, and she
we liked. Particularly pleased with built-in setup menu, which 
can be used moms and dads of pupils in order to regulate the 
complexity of the case studies on measure learning. And this, 
in our opinion, very important - parents

themselves determine the complexity of the problem
depending on the abilities
her own child.
I take this opportunity pass
thank the authors of this
program.


   The second program, which we
imagine, is quite simple,
but it is entertaining. She sent us
fifteen Michael Bulka
M. from the city of Kaliningrad
Moscow region.



            "LIFE"


Bulka MICHAEL: This program
designed to study
1-dimensional and 2-dimensional games
Life, invented by Conway. And you can change the rules 
themselves Birth and death of cells. Maybe 2 in 32 degree 
options Rules for the one life and 2

in the 18 degree option for two-dimensional. In any mode are 
given tips in English.

To see what can be obtained
This program, after loading
Press 1 or 2 and you will see
fractal.

"S": It so happened that this
program came at us almost
simultaneously with another program
- "VIRUS" (see "Overview").



   Michael Bulka was virtually the same way as the author
program "VIRUS". After all, to create something resembling a 
"VIRUS" Bulkovu Michael's left to do is literally one step - 
"incite" to each other two independent cell formation, 
developing on its own laws. Would receive "Viral game" (our 
term). 


   Presented to the readers program Michael we decided to look 
at history development of a system of rules "LIFE".

The following article is for those who
are not yet familiar with it.



            - LIFE -

   MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF LIFE



   The opportunity to emulate
Computer dynamic system of elementary organisms began to worry 
inquisitive minds of scientists for another the dawn of the 
computer age. Algorithm one of the first models of the breeding 
of an organism has been proposed by E. Fredkinym. Fredkina 
algorithm simulates a certain infinite-dimensional plane, 
divided into squares. In each of these square is a cell of an 
organism, and it can be in two states: "alive" (Shown on the 
display) or "Dead" (merges with the background).

The initial arrangement of cells
given randomly or
chosen person.


   Then starts the algorithm, the term "self-reproducing 
cellular automaton E. Fredkina: With each clock cycle each cell 
is checked for viability of certain

rules. The life of any cell depends on its environment: if
space adjacent to its number of neighbors exceeds a critical 
value, then the cell dies from overpopulation. She also dies in 
the case around were fewer neighbors than

it is necessary for life. In all other cases, the cell 
continues to live. If around the dead (empty) cells

be the optimal number of
neighbors, then it becomes a living cell, ie in the next 
generation in this place "born" new cell.



   There are several algorithms for self-replicating machines, 
they differ mainly in the way of calculating the neighbors 
(Fig. 1), by definition life (number,

we listed above, or more simple
method of the parity
number of neighbors).

 Figure 1: Different schema definition

                    acting

                     Environment:

                A.4 diagonal

               B.4 related
 Yes. b. at. B.8 - full app
                  Disarmament Affairs (class
               The classical version)


   The greatest spread
rules were proposed by
Dzh.G.Konveem.



   They are as follows:
If more than three cells, or
at least two neighbors - she is killed (Fig. 2, 3).


Fig.2 The cell will die from overcrowding:



Fig.3 cells die from the "loneliness":



   If cell 2 or 3 neighbor
She remains alive (Fig. 4).


Fig.4 cells remain alive:



   And finally, if a blank
cells exactly 3 neighbors, then it
place, a new cell.
(Fig. 5)


Fig.5 is born a new cell:



   Playing by those rules is called "LIFE" (LIFE) and widespread
in the West. It turned out, the model
Dzh.G.Konveya accurately describes the behavior of colonies of 
simple organisms, the flow of some chemical and physical 
processes, etc. Game "LIFE" seriously interested in western 
society, there popular magazines dedicated to

This game, held the whole
symposia on the removal of most
interesting populations. What
caused such a broad
Popularity? The answer is simple - the game
afforded to feel the creator of a living organism, which
will evolve independently of
You, but you have pledged an initial form (one of the concepts 
osnovopologayuschih nedetermenirovannyh games). 

   As a result of rapid development
interest in this game was developed by a variety of forms of 
initial populations of organisms. The most famous of them were

own names:


     "Stone". This model does

  not developed and does not die

   all the cells in it are
stable. If you fill out those "stones" the entire screen 
leaving a gap between them into one cage, get a static 
organism. You can try to "infect" the body - in pristavit free 
area just one extra cell. As a result, the entire

colony will rapidly disintegrate, leaving behind only
more stable structures.



"The infected organism"


   By the way, the model is not stable
must be static, it is much more interesting
dynamic stable colony.

   The simplest of these is
   is the so-called "flashers"

    - A line of three cells. Two

   extreme cells die in

   each cycle, managing to give
lives of two others.

   Thus, the "flashers"
restores its original
state after every two cycles. There are other similar
designs, such as this:



         Even more complex systems
       theme is "Lighthouse" -

       it passes through a series of

      complex transformations, but

      then back again

      in original form.



       It is also interesting model

    "Glider" - it also restored
    establishes its shape through

   a few bars, but appears
   is in another place, as if

    moving across the screen.

   Experimenting with the game
"LIFE", you will surely find
its interesting model. Sometimes
colonies of organisms form
very beautiful and complex patterns
on the screen.


   The rules described above were
true to the original version
game "LIFE". However, creative
thought does not stop, and with the development of computers 
evolve and rules of "Life." There is growing

new varieties of this game,
for example, have made it a three-dimensional
(In two layers, where each cell affects its neighbors in 1917), 
p. the advent of color monitors

someone guessed celebrate the age of each cell of its color,
and hence, logically, it follows that
cell may die of old age and after going through the whole range 
of possible colors.


   This new rule is even more
brings the model closer to reality
Now there is a chance to survive only
dynamic of the colonies. Finally, another
further, perhaps, the creators have gone
the new game "VIRUS" (see "Overview")
- They proposed the idea to develop
at a limited space a number of different colonies
"Layfopodobnym" laws. As a result, microorganisms are
between a constant struggle
habitat, and wins
severe virus.


   Attached you will find one
version of the classic "LIFE", with
opportunity to change the rules.
By selecting this mode you get into
screen with two columns of numbers.



   In the left column you can mark the number of neighbors at
which the cell will continue to exist, and the right - the 
number of cells for the birth of a new one.



   In addition, the game can select a so-called "one-LIFE". In 
our view, here there was a little inaccurate, since in this mode

begins to work less well-known program "GENETIC" (genetics). It 
simulates the circuit Reproduction of hypothetical beings - (in 
the original version suschestva three-field). Each combination 
of the two sexes can reproduce the light of several "children" 
particular sex. Some combination of one will not play. In the 
"children" different chances survive depending on the 
combination of the sexes "parents." 

   In the next cycle all surviving
"Children" become themselves "parents" and everything is 
repeated again. The game has the ability to change

rules of appearance of creatures, but
exactly how to do it in the
graphic form, it remains to
mystery. (In the original
GENETICS all parameters are set
numerically in the table).

P.S. We hope that today's
talk about viral games
This will not end. The first tests
program "VIRUS" showed that
this is not the limit of perfection - the number of adjustable 
parameters can be significantly increase. An example of this - 
a small program "LIFE", which is included in the 
"Applications". 


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