Computer technology - Timeline for the development of computing technology.

 Computer technology development timeline            
                                                                
Terminology used:                                       
laptop (laptop, lit. knee),                             
handheld (pocket, literally held in the hand),                
desktop (desktop),                                           
console (console, set-top box),                                   
arcade (slot machines).                                      
The date, as a rule, stands for "launch", the first release           
nsupply machine.                                             
A number of computers released purely gaming versions without          
keyboards.                                                     
There were many console-based slot machines.        
If the country is not written, then the country is unknown.                  
The cost in pounds sterling is indicated by the letter L.                                                                
1623(1624?) - "counting clock" (addition and subtraction, 6 digits) - 
Germany (astronomer Wilhelm Schickard)                           
                                                                
1642 - Pascaline folding machine (6 digits) - France (Blaise 
Pascal)                                                         
                                                                
1654 - slide rule - England (Robert Bissacar, in 1657
regardless of it S. Patridge)                                   
                                                                
1671(1672? 1673?) - adding machine with multiplication, division and         
square root (binary) - Germany (Gottfried Wilhelm von  
Leibniz)                                                        
                                                                
1725 - punched paper tape (for weaving machine) - France? (Basile      
Bouchon)                                                        
                                                                
1775 - the first commercial adding machine (Pastor Philip Matteoc
Khan)                                                            
                                                                
1804 - punched cards for a loom - France (Joseph-Marie    
Zhakar(d))                                                       
                                                                
about 1820 - commercial adding machine Thomas Arithmometer (4     
actions) - England? (Charles Xavier Thomas based on works      
Leibniz)                                                       
                                                                
1822 - concept of a multi-purpose mechanical computer
difference engine - England (Charles Babbage)                    
                                                                
1833(1835?) - multi-purpose conceptmechanical computing
analytical engine machines (punched cards, steam engine,        
decimal system) - England (Charles Babbage), completely       
built in 1991                                                
                                                                
1842 - the first known programs - England (Ada Augusta Byron,  
translator of "Sketch of the Analytical Engine" by Federico Luigi,
Conte Menabrea)                                                 
                                                                
1846 - Kymmepa numerator (board with slats, calculations          
carried out by moving slats), mass-produced   
more than 100 years                                                   
                                                                
1855 - difference engine built based on Babbage concepts -      
Sweden (George and Edvard Scheutz)                                
                                                                
1857 -a simplified version of the difference engine installed in Dudley 
Observatory - England                                            
                                                                
1859 - Scheutz Difference Engine No 3 (outputs results to    
nanbe-mâché or metal as printing forms) - Sweden     
(George and Edvard Scheutz), in 1864 used by General      
Register Office for calculations `English Life Table` (statistics   
for life insurance)                                          
                                                                
1889 (patent, application 1884) - the first commercial automatic 
computing machine (according to various sources tabulating machine and    
sorting machine on punched cards) - USA (Herman Hollerith,        
Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company - core of IBM since 1911),      
used in the 1890 census                                
                                                                
January 18, 1930 - a patent was issued for the operating principle of the left one      
MESFET transistor [J.E. Lilienfeld, Method and apparatus for   
controllingelectric currents, US Patent 1,745,175, application 
filed October 8, 1926], SMST and MSMT (US Patent 1,877,140) and     
MOSFET (US Patent 1,900,018) - same author                     
1930 - analog computer differential analyzer - USA         
(Vannevar Bush), about 10 copies                           
                                                                
1936 - mathematical theory of a universal computer
(Emil Leon Post and independently Alan Turing (1937?))       
                                                                
1937 - "A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits",   
publication on Boolean algebra on electrical circuits - USA       
(Claude Shannon)                                                
November 1937  - Model K relay-controlled binary computer 
by phone - USA (George Stibitz, Bell Labs) ? according to other sources
he made the binary adder only in 1938                       
                                                                
1938(patent application 1936 - rejected) - binary adding machine
Z1 (limitedly programmable, 4 sq.m., worked unreliably) -   
Germany (Konrad Zuse)                                          
                                                                
1939 (put into operation at the end of 1940) - Z2 computer on     
based on relays and vacuum tubes with a program on punched tape -     
Germany (Konrad Zuse for Berlin aircraft factory       
Henschel)                                                       
                                                                
January 8, 1940 - digital computer Complex Number Calculator (with 
complex numbers, not programmable) - USA (George Stibiz, 
Bell Labs), demonstrated in the presence of John Von Neumann,    
John Mauchly, Norbert Wiener                                    
1940 - remote access - USA (car in New York, terminal in   
Dartmouth College, 400 km away)                         
                                                                
May 12, 1941 -demonstrated the Z3 binary computer with         
program on punched tape (the first computer to solve any      
tasks, 22-bit, RAM 64 words, 5-10 Hz, 2000(2600?2700?) relays,   
binary floating point arithmetic) - Germany (Konrad Zuse 
for the German Air Force)                                               
June 1941 (development December 1939) - binary prototype        
computer Atanasoff-Berry Computer / ABC (solved only linear
equations, on lamps, memory 60 50-bit words on charged       
drums, not programmable, weight 320 kg, table size -   
1 error per 1000 calculations, punched cards) - USA (John Vincent    
Atanasoff, Clifford Berry, Iowa State College/University),      
demonstrated in the presence of John Mauchly, served as an occasion   
to reject a patent application for ENIAC                        
                                                                
December 1943 - fully electronic computer Colossus Mark I  
(narrow purpose - decryption, non-programmable, 1500 lamps) 
- English military development (Tommy Flowers, Max Newman,     
according to some sources - Alan Turing), by 1945collected 10 or 11 
copies of Colossus Mark II                                    
                                                                
February 1944 - relay computer Mark I / IBM ASCC / Aiken-IBM  
Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator Mark I with program on 
punched paper tape (3 operations per second, RAM 72 words of 23 decimal 
numbers, weight 4500 kg, 51*2*8 feet width*depth*height) - USA   
(Hward N. Aiken, Harvard University, IBM)                  
                                                                
1945 - concept of hypertext for a microfilm database - USA        
(Vannevar Bush) [Bush V. That we may think// Atlantic Monthly.  
1945. Vol. 176, N 1. Apr. P. 101-108]                           
June 30, 1945 - the concept of a computer with shared program memory and  
data - USA (John von Neumann) [John von Neumann. First Draft  
of a Report on the EDVAC]                                       
1945 - the Plankalku language and program     
sorting using the simple insertion method [D. Knut. Art           
programming - vol.3, p.415] - Germany (Konrad Zuse)         
                                                                
February 14, 1946 - ENIAC / Electronic Numerical Integrator And   
Computer (fully electronic programmable computer,      
$500,000, 5000 operations per second, not including parallelization,  
178468 lamps, 7200 crystal diodes, 4100 magnetic        
elements, weight 27(33? 80?) t, 167(212? 300?) sq.m,              
programmed by jumpers) - USA (J. Presper Eckert, John    
Mauchly, University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical
Engineering)                                                    
                                                                
January 25, 1947 (date of patent application) - the first game on a CRT, without
scans - USA (Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr., Estle Ray Mann) [U.S. 
Patent #2455992 issued op Dec 1st, 1948]                       
December 23, 1947 - transistor implemented - USA (William Shockley,
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain for Bell Labs), Nobel Prize
1956                                                                
January 1948  - a computer was built using IBM Selective lamps and relays 
Sequence Electronic Calculator / SSEC / Poppa (first computer 
with stored program, 8 fast and 150 slow registers,     
memory 400000 digits, 285 µs addition, 20000 µs multiplication - one
8 hour error) - USA                                        
1948 - Curta adding machine (a mechanical calculator that can
hold in hand) - German military development (prisoner Curt 
Herzstark)                                                      
June 21, 1948 - Manchester Small Scale Experimental Machine /    
Baby (the first electronic fully programmable digital     
stored program computer) - England (University of        
Manchester)                                                     
September 16, 1948 - ENIAC, after modification, performed for the first time       
program from RAM - USANovember 1949 - first launch of CSIRAC / CSIR Mk 1 (digital computer
with a stored program on punched tape, 1000 Hz=500 and later 1000   
instructions per second, 768 and later 1536 20-bit words on mercury lines
delays, 4096 words on magnetic drum) - Australia          
April 1949 - first launch of Manchester Mark 1 (computer with        
index register, Autocode high-level language) - England    
May 6, 1949 - first launch of EDVAC (512, later 1024 17-bit words of RAM,
possibility of connecting a subroutine library) - England        
(Maurice Vincent Wilkes, University of Cambridge Mathematical   
Laboratory)                                                     
1949 - Short Order Code interpreter - USA (John Mauchly)      
                                                                
September 1950 - commercial release Z4 - Germany (Konrad Zuse, 
Zuse KG)                                                        
1950 (1951?)  - the first music on a computer(CSIRAC) - Australia  
1950 - Pilot ACE / Automatic Computing Engine (11k, 30000 op/s) 
- England (National Physical Laboratory), based on it          
commercial DEUCE / Digital Electronic Universal Computing     
Engine (English Electric), 40 copies L30000-L40000         
November 6, 1950 (demonstrated to the commission on January 4, 1951) -     
first launch of MESM / Small electronic calculating machine             
(general computer, RAM for 31 numbers, 16 bits+sign, 3000 op/s,     
lamps: 3600 triodes, 2500 diodes, 60 sq.m, punched cards, magnetic
drum for 5000 numbers) - USSR (Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev,       
Kyiv Institute of Electrical Engineering)                                
                                                                
March 31, 1951 - commercial release of the UNIVAC I mainframe ($159,000
- the price grew to $1,500,000, 5,200 lamps, RAM on mercury lines      
delay 1000 words of 11 characters+sign, 2.25 MHz~1905 op/s,     
13 t, 35.5 sq.m) - USA (J. Presper Eckert, John Mauchly,        
Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation - became part of Remington   
Rand), 46 copies                                           
1951 - Whirlwind Computer (the first computer with                   
oscilloscope display and memory on magnetic cores) - USA
(Jay Forrester, Ken Olsen for Massachusetts Institute of        
technology)                                                     
1951 - microcode for processors was invented - England (Maurice     
Vincent Wilkes, Cambridge, published at Manchester University
Computer Inaugural Conference 1951)                             
November 17, 1951 - on the LEO I / Lyons Electronic Office I computer
(EDSAC based, 500 kHz~700 op/s, 2K 35-bit words of RAM) launched  
first business application - England (Joseph Lyons, J. Lyons and   
So.)                                                            
                                                                
March 1952 - MANIAC I (computer with a program in RAM) - USA       
(Nicholas Metropolis, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory)         
1952 - the first computer game "tic-tac-toe" for EDSAC -   
England (A.S. Douglas, University of Cambridge, input using  
telephone dialer, output to CRT)               
1952 - commercial computer IBM 701 - USA                     
1952 - UNIVAC-1103 (100000 op/s, interrupts used for the first time) -
USA (Remington Rand)                                            
December 15, 1952 (development 1951) - put into operation ADVM 
M-1 (15-20 op/s, RAM 512 25-bit words, 4 sq.m.) - USSR     
(Isaak Semyonovich Brook, MPEI)                                     
                                                                
1953 - BESM (high-speed electronic adding machine) -    
USSR (S.A. Lebedev, Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computational    
technology)                                                        
1953 - IBM-726 magnetic tape media (100 characters per     
inch) - USA                                                     
                                                                
1954 - prototype of a transistor calculator - USA (IBM)        
1954 - IBM 704 computer (first magnetic core memory) - USA   
1954(1955? released in 1957) - FORTRAN language - USA (John Backus for
IBM, first program - Harlan Herrick)                         
1954 - IBM 650 small computer ($500,000 or $3,500 per month, >900 
kg+source 1350 kg, 1.5x0.9x1.8 m, drum memory 2000 10-digit 
words) - USA                                                     
                                                                
1955 - Z22 (3kHz, 14 38-bit words RAM, water cooling,       
punched cards, magnetic drum 38k bytes) - Germany (Konrad Zuse,
Zuse KG - in total the company assembled 251 computers, purchased in 1967     
Siemens)                                                        
1955 - TRADIC / TRanisitor DIgital Computer (700 transistors,  
10,000 germanium diodes, without tubes) - USA (Bell Labs for the Air Force    
USA), 17 copies1956 - floating magnetic head and the first computer (IBM 305  
RAMAC) with magnetic disk drive ($1 million, 5(4.4?)M, 24  
inches) - USA (IBM)                                              
1956 - the first GM-NAA I/O operating system for the IBM 704 - USA 
(Bob Patrick/General Motors, Owen Moscow/North American Aviation) 
based on the Jim Fishman/General Motors loader (1955) for      
Fortran                                                        
1956 - M-3 computer (30-bit, RAM 2048 numbers on a magnetic drum, 30
op/s, with ferrite memory for 2048 numbers - 1500 op/s) - USSR    
(Laboratory of Control Machines and Systems of the Academy of Sciences, VNIEM),  
published by different organizations                               
                                                                
1957 - calculator on IBM 608 transistors ($80,000, several   
cabinets) - USA                                                   
1957 - relay calculator Casio Model 14-A (built intotable) -  
Japan                                                          
1957 - pin printer released (IBM) - USA                   
                                                                
1958 - built in 1 copy slot machine for two Tennis  
for Two (output to an oscilloscope, there is gravity and a grid) - USA   
(William Higinbotham, David Potter at Long Island Research       
Center)                                                         
September 1958 - microcircuit invented - USA (Jack St. Claire    
Kilby, Texas Instruments)                                       
1958 (1960?) - Perceptron Mark I (first? (see above) computer with 
display - CRT) - USA (Frank Rosenblatt)                        
1958 - Control Data CDC 1604 (the first supercomputer on          
transistors) - USA (Seymour Cray)1958 - Lisp language - USA (John McCarthy, Massachusetts Institute  
of Technology)                                                  
1958 - the first Japanese computers: NEC-1101, NEC-1102                  
1958 - modem for telephone lines - USA (Bell Labs)             
1958 - serial computer M-20 (20000 op/s) - USSR (GK S.A. Lebedev,   
Deputy for Electronics M.K.Sulim (SKB-245), Deputy for System    
commands and software M.P.Shura-Bura (IPM))                                
                                                                
1959 - Cetyhb (computer with balanced ternary representation     
numbers, 27500 rubles, 200 kHz) - USSR (Kazan Mathematical Plant
cars), 50 copies                                          
1959 - COBOL language defined at the CODASYL conference (based on   
language FlowMatic nporpammuctku Grace Murray Hopper) - USA1960 - the first minicomputer PDP-1 (Programmed Data Processor)   
(18-bit, 4 K words of RAM, 200 kHz, $120,000) - USA (Benjamin Curley 
for Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC))                        
December 1960 - Colossal Typewriter - apparently the first text writer   
editor (non-WYSIWYG), PDP-1 - USA (John McCarthy and Roland      
Silver, MIT)                                                    
                                                                
1961 (1962?) - Spacewar game! for two for PDP-1 - USA (Steve    
Russell, Massachusetts Institute of Technology)                 
1961 - IBM Stretch multitasking computer (8-bit bytes, 64-bit 
data paths - USA                                               
1961 - relay computers "Vilnius" and "Vyatka" (not   
programmable) - USSR                                         
1961 - multitasking stack computer Burroughs B5000 (Algol, 
data type tags in memory) - USA                               
1961 (1963?)  - the first known computer animation "A two gyro
gravity gradient altitude control system" - USA (Edward Zajac,  
Bell Labs), wire, apparently brought out through            
Stromberg-Carlson SCHO20 film plotter (1960)                    
                                                                
early 1962 (announced October 1961) - desktop released   
electronic calculator Bell Punch/Sumlock Comptometer ANITA    
Mk.VII (tube mounted) - England                                     
1962 - joystick (a previously known type of manipulator) for the first time   
used for a computer game - USA (unknown students      
Massachusetts Institute of Technology for the game Spacewar!)       
1962 - the first software emulators (IBM plant in La Grande,     
France) and the first software and hardware emulator (on IBM 1410S) 
(LarryMoss, Stuart G. Tucker)                                  
                                                                
June 1963(1964?) - Friden EC-130 calculator ($2200($2100?)     
(about three times the price of mechanical calculators),        
completely transistorized) - USA                                
1963 - the first commercial DBMS - USA (General Electric)        
1963 - Promin was mass-produced (the first computer with a stepped 
microprogram control) - USSR                            
1963 - Vostok computer (circuit control of arithmetic and  
memory devices, magnetic drums with heads on      
air cushion, over 100 thousand op/s) - USSR (A.N. Myamlin,     
IPM)                                                            
1963 - modular (based on the residual class number system) computer 
T-340A (16k words of RAM, 1.2 million double or 2.4 million regular       
operations per second, 600,000 rubles) - USSR (I.Ya. Akushsky,            
D.I. Yuditsky, E.S. Andrianov), for radar, serial version K-340A(1966) still in use, 50 copies                
1963 - ASCII standard - USA                                     
                                                                
May 1, 1964 - the first launch of the program in the BASIC language (for GE-225 
and DN-30) - USA (John Kemeny, Thomas Kurtz, Dartmouth College in 
Hanover, New Hampshire)                                         
1964 - serial production of electronic keyboard computer     
Vega machines (desktop, non-programmable) - USSR           
1964 - computing and information system "Spring"             
(semiconductors, 250 thousand op/s, 48-bit floating point, 32  
registers, 1024 number cache, 32 tape drives, 
8 magnetic drums, input/output from telegraph and telephone    
lines) - USSR (V.S. Polin, V.K. Levin, M.P. Shura-Bura, etc.),      
for the Hydrometeorological Center, etc.                                      
1964 (patent 3541541 November 17, 1970) -computer was invented  
mouse - USA (Douglas Engelbart, William English, Stanford        
Research Institute)                                             
1964 - graphics tablet invented - USA (M.R. Davis,          
T.D.Ellis, Rand Corporation)                                    
                                                                
June 1965 (development April 1964) - line of compatible          
IBM System/360 computers (16/32-bit, from 4K RAM) with an emulator  
computer IBM 7070 (7070 Emulator by Larry Moss), 1000         
copies per month - USA (SLT technology)                      
1965 - Digital Equipment PDP-8 (first desktop, $20,000, 12-bit, 
4K-32K words RAM, 667 kHz) - USA                                 
1965 - prototype of a portable Texas Instruments calculator      
"Cal-Tech" (instead of a display, printing on thermal paper) - USA         
1965 - Eliza program (the first program that simulates           
human communication) - USA (Dr. Joseph Weizenbaum,             
Massachusetts Institute of Technology) [Communications of the   
ACM, January 1966], ported to many platforms             
1965 - calculator with logarithms LOCI-2 - USA (Wang             
Laboratories)                                                   
April 1965 - first home computer H316 "Kitchen Computer" 
(first version - DDP-116) ($10000, 16-bit, 32K? RAM) - USA      
(Computer Control Company - purchased by Honeywell in 1966?)          
http://ed-thelen.org/comr-hist/h316.html                        
                                                                
1966 - Sega Periscope (arcade, lights and mechanics) - Japan    
September 6, 1966- scheme of the Chase game with output to TV - USA 
(Bill Harrison), implemented in May 1967 (aka Bob Solomon,    
Ralph Baer)                                                     
1966 (announced 1964) - IBM OS/360 (multitasking,            
subdirectories) - USA [Comfort W.T. A computing system design for  
user service (1965); Mealy G.N., Witt V.I., Clark W.A. The      
functional structure of OS/360, IBM Systems Journal, 5, #1,     
1966]                                                           
1966 - minicomputer Hewlett-Packard HP-2116 - USA (opportunities 
large machines, languages BASIC, ALGOL, FORTRAN)                     
1966(1965?1967?) - BESM-6 (60 thousand transistors, 180 thousand       
diodes, 48-bit, 10 MHz, 1 MIPS) - USSR (GK S.A. Lebedev,         
Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Science,              
V.A. Melnikov, A.A. Sokolov, L.N. Korolev), produced until 1982,  
400 copies                                                 
                                                                
1967 - programmable calculator Monroe Epic (desktop+tower) -
USA                                                             
1967 - light gun invented - USA (Bill Harrison, Ralph  
Baer)                                                           
1967 - prototype of a game console with several games - USA    
(Bill Harrison, Bill Rusch), later Magnavox Odyssey      
1967 - EDVM-11 (electronic ten-key computer      
machine with trigonometric functions, not programmable) -   
USSR                                                            
                                                                
autumn 1968 - TSS/360 OS for System/360 Model 67 (virtual    
memory) - USA [Gibson C.T. Time sharing in the IBM System/360   
Model 67, Proceedings of the 1966 Spring Joint Computer         
Conference, AFIPS, v.27 (1966), Lett A.S., Koningford W.L.      
TSS/360: a time-shared operating system, Proceedings of the 1968
Fall Joint Computer Conference, AFIPS, v.33 (1968)], development 
cost $50 million, did not receive development                            
1968 - the window interface was invented (Windows, Icons, Menus,      
Pointers - WIMP) - USA (Stanford Research  
Institute) [Englebart D., English W. A researchcenter for       
augmenting human intelligence // AFIPS Conference Proceedings, Fall
Joint Computer Conference. San Francisco (Dec. 9-11, 1968). P.  
395-410]                                                        
                                                                
1965-1969 - MULTICS OS for GE-645 (multitasking,            
subdirectories) - USA (AT&T Bell Laboratories, General Electrics,  
MIT), ancestor of UNIX                                               
1969 - first exchange via ARPANet (between Stanford University and     
University of California at Los Angeles), later Internet 
- USA                                                           
September 1, 1969 - first ARPANet node installed at UCLA yu BBN,  
op Honeywell 516 IMP with UCLA (XDS Sigma7), SRI (XDS940 under  
Genie), UCSB (IBM 360/75 under MVT) and Utah University (PDP-10 
under Tenex) hosts                                              
1969 - Nova minicomputer ($8000, 16-bit processor board) 
chips) - USA (Data General), 50000copies              
                                                                
1970 - Intel launches the first memory integrated circuits 
- USA                                                           
1970 - portable calculators Sanyo ICC-0081, Canon Pocketronic
(completion of the "Cal-Tech" project), Sharp QT-8B - Japan           
1970 - microprocessor prototype (Marcian Hoff, Intel)           
1970 - minicomputer Datapoint 2200 (assembled processor, with       
which the future Intel 8008 microprocessor is compatible with) - USA      
(company STS = Computer Terminal Corporation = Datapoint)         
1970 - DEC PDP-11 ($10800, 16-bit) - USA                        
1970 (1968?)  - Pascal language (based on ALGOL) - Switzerland (Niklaus
Wirth, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich)   
                                                                
1969-1971 - UNIX/UNICS OS (descendant of MULTICS) in assembler for   
PDP-7 - USA (Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, AT&T Bell            
Laboratories)                                                   
1971 (development 1969, invention 1950 by Yoshiro Nakamatsu) -    
8 1/2" floppy drive released - USA (IBM)                             
January 1971 - pocket calculator Sharp EL-8/Facit 1111 ($395,
weight about a pound) - Japan                                       
February 1971 ["Single Chip Calculator Hits the Finish Line",    
Electronics, Feb. 1 1971, р19] - pocket calculator Busicom  
LE-120A (Mostek MKbO10 processor, size 124x72x24 mm,          
LEDs - there was also a prototype with LCD) - Japan                 
November 15, 1971 - Intel 4004 processor (10u PMOS 2250            
transistors, 740 kHz~60000 operations per second, Harvard     
shared bus architecture, 8-bit commands, 16 4-bit registers,   
12-bit addresses, internal stack 3 addresses) - USA (Federico Faggin 
and Ted Hoff from Intel, programmer Masatoshi Shima fromBusicom)    
late 1971 - Bowmar 901B pocket calculator ($240, size    
131x77x37 mm, LEDs) - USA                                 
1971 - serial gaming machine Computer Space - USA (Nolan     
Bushnell, Ted Dabney) with the game Spacewar!, 1500 copies (not   
achieved success due to the difficulty of the game)                             
1971 (invention 1969) - laser printer developed - USA     
(Gary Starkweather, Xerox)                                      
                                                                
early 1972 - Hewlett-Packard pocket scientific calculator     
НР-35 ($395) - USA                                              
April 1972 - Intel 8008 / 1201 / MCS-8 processor (0.5 MHz PMOS,
18-pin DIP with a common 8-bit bus) - USA (architecture - STS: Victor
Poor and Harry Pyle, implementation - Intel: Marcian "Ted" Hoff, Stan 
Mazor, Hal Feeney, under the direction of Federico Faggin),intended for STS Datapoint 2200, but came out too late  
1972 - pocket calculator with LCD Dataking LC-800 / Harden     
DT/12 / Ibico 086 / Lloyds 40 / Lloyds 100 / Prismatic 500 /    
Rapid Data Rapidman 1208LC - USA (Rockwell International)       
1972 - C language - USA (Dennis Ritchie, Bell Laboratories)         
1972 - text adventure Hunt the Wumpus for PDP-10 - USA     
(Gregory Yob)                                                   
1972 - OXO (handheld tic-tac-toe, backlit buttons) -    
USA? (Waco company)                                               
May 1972 - the first commercial Magnavox Odyssey ($100,
games on plug-in boards) - USA (Ralph Baer), 100,000 copies per
first year                                                      
1972 - PROLOG language - France (Alain Comerauer, Philippe Roussel,
first implementation - Prolog 10 on PDP-10 - David Yoppeh et al.)   
August 1972 - Sinclair Executive pocket calculator          
($150=L79, size 138х5х9 mm) - England                         
November 29, 1972 - PONG (arcade) - USA (Al Alcorn for Atari)      
                                                                
February 1973 - the first microcomputer Micral N (8500  was released    
francs=$1300($1750?), 8008@500 kHz, 256 bytes RAM, expandable  
up to 16k, expansion bus) - France (Francois Gernelle, software       
Philippe Kahn, R2E), about 2000 copies               
1973 - Scelbi-8H personal computer ($565, 8008, 1k RAM,    
expansion to 16k=$2760) - USA (Scelbi Computer Consulting      
Company)                                                        
1973 - UNIX in C for PDP-11 - USA (Dennis Ritchie), virtual
memory supported in UNIX no later than 1976 [Lyons` Commentary op  
UNIX]                                                           
1973 - Mostek MKCHO96 4096 X 1 bit DRAM (first RAM with switching
addresses) - USA (Robert Proebsting) - Intel own 4 Kbit RAM   
released only in 1974                                          
August 1973 - cheap pocket calculator Sinclair Cambridge  
(L25 per designer) - England                                   
September 8, 1973 - personal computer MCM-70 (CDN$4500, 8008,
plasma screen, tape recorders, keyboard, 2..8k RAM, 14k ROM) -
Canada (Mers Kutt, Micro Computer Machines)                     
September 1973 - homemade TV Typewriter terminal (price of parts
$120, text 32x16) - USA (Don Lancaster) [Radio Electronics     
magazine, September 1973]                                       
1973 - prototype of the Xerox Alto computer (with mouse and window        
interface) - USA                                              
1973 - HDD IBM 3340 / Winchester - USA                         
May 22, 1973-Ethernet for 100 computers - USA (Bob Metcalfe)  
1973 - serial computer EC-1050 from the EC series of computers (clone of IBM 360, without  
virtual memory) - USSR (V.S. Antonov)                       
                                                                
1974 - pocket calculator with LCD Electronics B3-04 (clone      
Japanese calculator Sharp EL-805 (1973)) - USSR              
April 1974 - Intel 8080 processor - USA (Federico Faggin)      
1974 - programmable pocket calculator Hewlett-Packard    
HP-65 - USA (100 instructions, magnetic card)                   
1974 - network 3D shooters Maze War (Steve Colley for Imlacs      
PDS-1, NASA Ames Research Center) and Spasim (Jim Bowery for PLATO
network) - USA                                                  
1974 - Tank (the first slot machine with the program) - USA (ScottBristow, Atari = Kee Games)                                     
1974 - single-plate 16-bit microcomputer "Electronics NTs-01"   
(K587 series, 250000 op/s, 1k RAM) - USSR (Special           
computing center (liquidated in 1976): GK - D.I. Yuditsky,   
developers: V.N.Lukashov, A.A.Popov, Yu.M.Petrov,               
V.A.Merkulov and others), 2 copies                               
December 1974 - MITS Altair 8800 ($397 designer, 256b RAM,    
8080@2 MHz, input by switches, output to LEDs) - USA (Ed   
Roberts, Bill Yates) [Popular Electronics magazine, January     
1975], 10,000 copies                                        
                                                                
1975 - Casio fx7000G calculator (can build graphs) -      
Japan                                                          
1975 - Motorola 6800 processor (2 8-bit registers and one 16-bit register, 
used in MITS Altair 680, etc.) - USA                    
1975 - MOS Technology 6501 and 6502 processors (September, in another
case so that nuhayt does not coincide with 6800, which is what the lawsuit was about) ($25     
versus $179 for the 8080 and 6800, which forced Intel and Motorola to sharply  
reduce prices to $79) - USA (Chuck Peddle, development team     
Motorola 6800)                                                  
late 1975 - engineering microcalculator B3-18 (220 rubles in 1978,  
processor K1Ch5IP7) - USSR                                       
1975 - Nome Pong (console, $100) - USA (Harold Lee, Al Alcorn,  
Bob Brown - Atari for Sears)                                    
                                                                
1976 - the first commercial laser printer IBM model 3800 - USA
July 1976 - Zilog Z80 processor (2.5 MHz, 8-bit with index    
registers, compatible with Intel 8080, one 5 V power supply,           
RAM regeneration) - USA (Federico Faggin, Ralph Ungermann),      
Zilog licenses production of the Z80 to other companies without          
sales royalties1976 (development 1973) - the CP/M operating system was released -   
USA (Gary Kildall, Digital Research)                            
April 1, 1976 - Apple I single-board microcomputer ($666.66 to  
$500 per fee, 6502) - USA (Steve Wozniak, Steve Jobs), approx.   
200 copies                                                 
1976 - 5.25" floppy drive - USA (IBM)                               
1976 - vector computer Cray-1 ($5000000 ($8800000?), 150     
MFLOPS - the fastest computer at that time, not counting ILLIAC
IV) - USA (Seymour Cray from the UNIVAC development group), less  
100 copies                                                 
1976 - the first Intel 8048 microcontroller - USA, used in 
Magnavox Odyssey 2 console, Roland Jupiter-4 synthesizers and   
Roland ProMars, and its variant (8042) in the IBM PC keyboard        
June 1976 - Wang 1200 WPS word processor (computerfor    
word processing, $30,000) - USA (Wang Laboratories)            
August 1976 - Channel F (console, $170, Fairchild processor     
F8@1.79MHz, ROM cartridges ~$20) - USA (Fairchild)         
1976 - Death Race (arcade, the first game banned for display    
violence) - USA (Exidy company)                                    
1976 - 1292 Advanced Programmable Video System (console,        
processor Signetics 2650@4.43MHz (8-bit, 1975), 43 bytes RAM, 4 
sprite, cartridges), similar to Arcadia 2001, but not compatible and 
weaker - Germany                                               
1976 - dynamic RAM MKCH116 with a capacity of 16 Kbit - USA (Mostek), 
from Intel only in 1977                                           
                                                                
January 1977 - RCA Studio II (console, processor RCA 1802@1.78MHz
(8-bit, 1976), no sprites, monochrome graphics, maximum      
64x128) - USAJanuary 1977 - Commodore PET 2001 ($495(4k) raised to           
$595(4k)/$795(8k), 6502@1 MHz, 4k/8k RAM (96k in PET 8096 -      
1981), text 40x25 (80x25 in PET 8032 - summer 1981), built-in   
b/w 9" monitor, built-in Datassette tape recorder and later external
floppy drive via IEEE 488, COMMODORE BASIC from Micro-Soft) - USA   
(Chuck Peddle from MOS - first offered the computer to Radio  
Shack, but Commodore bought MOS), deliveries from September, in Europe from 
1978 (under the name SVM 3008/3016/3032 and at double the price)       
June 5, 1977 - Apple II (the first color personal computer,  
$1298 to $970 with 4k RAM, $2638 with 48k RAM, 6502, text 40x24      
in capital letters, integer BASIC) - USA (Apple), 2 million  
copies                                                     
1977 - Atari Video Computer System / Atari 2600 (console, $200, 
6507, 8k RAM, 2 games + 7 on sale) - USA                       
1977 - Tandy TRS-80 Model I announced ($599 with monitor, 4k   
RAM - later 16k, Z80@1.77 MHz, BASIC floating point) - USA 
(Tandy Computers), July 1980 - Model III (2 MHz), April 1983 - 
Model 4                                                         
October 25, 1977 - the first VAX model was introduced (VAX-11/780 on 
assembled 32-bit processor, compatible with PDP-11, 0.5 MIPS) - USA
(Bill Strecker, DEC - later part of Compaq, which became part of   
Hewlett-Packard)                                                
1977 - the first 3D graphics device Vector was released       
Graphic I system - USA (Vector Graphic Inc.)                    
1977 - Gunfight (the first gaming machine with a microprocessor) -   
Japan (Taito, distributor in the USA - Midway Games)               
1977 - Speed Freak (the first slot machine with vector graphics)
- USA (Larry Rosenthal), 700 copies                        
                                                                
early 1978 (developed at the end of 1977) - programmable         
pocket calculator Electronics B3-21 (350 RUR, K1CH5IP7, 60    
steps, 7 registers, LEDs) - USSR (Kyiv plant          
"Crystal")                                                     
June 1978 - Intel 8086 processor (16-bit, 29 thousand transistors) 
- USA                                                           
1978 - solar powered calculators Royal Solar 1, Sharp  
EL-8026, Teal Photon                                            
1978 - Computerized Bulletin Board System (first BBS) - USA    
(Ward Christianson, Randy Seuss)                                
1978 - a series of Speak-and-Spell educational toys (the first mass 
digital speech product) - USA (Texas Instruments)             
1978 - Space Invaders (arcade) - Japan (Taito)                 
1978 - Magnavox Odyssey 2 (console, $130-200 different sets,  
games $20-50, MK Intel 8048, 64+128 bytes RAM, 160x200, 16       
flowers,4 single-color sprites, keyboard) - USA, in Japan with    
1982                                                            
1978 - Exidy Sorcerer ($895, Z80@2.106 MHz, 8k RAM (expandable 
up to 48k), b/w text 64x30 with half the font in RAM, no sound,   
Centronics, RS-232, Microsoft BASIC, connects a drive with    
CP/M) - USA                                                     
August 1978 - ABC 80 / Advanced BASIC Computer 80 / BRG ABC80   
(Z80, 16k RAM, sound Texas Instruments SN76477) - Sweden         
(Dataindustrier AB (DIAB), manufactured by Luxor)                  
1978 - 256K bubble memory - USA (Texas Instruments)             
1978 - dynamic RAM with a capacity of 64 Kbit - USA (Texas           
Instruments), from Intel and "Ahrctpem" (USSR) only in 1979         
1978 - Wang VS office minicomputer (according to instructions, compatible with
IBM 360) - USA (Wang Laboratories)                              
                                                                
1979 -multitasking ADA language - France (Jean Ichbiah,          
CII-Honeywell Bull team)                                        
1979 - Motorola 6809 processor (2 8-bit batteries,        
combined into 1 16-bit, 2 index 16-bit registers, 2 
stack pointer, many addressing options with                
abtouhkpemehtamu, indexical, indirect) - USA, used in  
Tandy TRS-80 Color Computer and second processor in Commodore    
SuperPET                                                        
1979 - Microvision (handheld, cartridges with games and segmented   
LCD) - USA (Jay Smith, Smith Engineering)                       
1979 - trial sales of Mattel Intellivision (16-bit console) -  
USA                                                             
June 1979 - Texas Instruments TI-99/4 ($1150, 16-bit, TMS-9918 -
2 colors per location, one-color sprites) - USA               
November 1979 (announced December 1978) - Atari 400 and 800 (on 7        
PCBs, 8k and 16k RAM - expandable to 48k, 6502,       
ANTIC+GTIA - 2 bit color with palettes, low resolution       
horizontal or monochrome, 4-channel sound in POKEY, ATARI chip  
BASIC 8k) - USA                                                 
late 1979 - Motorola MCb8000 (16-bit bus, 16-bit ALU, 8       
accumulators and 8 addressable 32-bit registers, transparent operations
with 32-bit data (16/32-bit), 3.5u HMOS 70000 transistors,     
4,6,8 MHz, 10 since 1981, 12.5 since 1982, version with 8-bit bus:     
68008) - USA                                                    
October 17, 1979 - first spreadsheet: VisiCalc for Apple
II - USA (Daniel Bricklin, Bob Frankston)                       
1979 - public access is open on The Source and MicroNET networks     
(later CompuServe) - USA                                 
1979 - Atari Asteroids (arcade) - USA (Lyle Rains, Ed Rogg,     
Howard Delman), over 70,000 copies (best selling      
Atari machine)                                                  
1979 - Galaxian (the first color slot machine) - Japan       
(Namco)                                                         
1979 - David Crane, Larry Kaplan, Alan Miller, Bob Whitehead    
left Atari and founded Activision (due to Atari ban        
show the names of the authors in games and the independence of salaries from    
sales)                                                         
1979 - transputer (single-chip processor with RISC architecture
and means of interprocessor communication) - England (Inmos)            
                                                                
1980 - multiprocessor computing complex Elbrus-1 (~15 
million op/s, ideologically close to Burroughs B5000 (1961): Autocode 
Elbrus El-76 type Algol, compiled into bytecode, type tags 
data in memory, virtual memory) - USSR (Vsevolod Sergeevich 
Burtsev, Vladimir Mstislavovich Pentkovsky)                      
1980 - programmable microcalculator Electronics B3-34 (85   
r., K145UK1303-2(MCS-51)@100? kHz, 98 steps, 14 registers) -    
USSR                                                            
1980 - Commodore VIC-20 ($300 to $100 in 1983, 3.5k user RAM,    
2-color tiles, 2-bit color sprites low horizontal     
permissions, Microsoft BASIC) - USA                              
July 1980 - Sharp PC-1211 / TRS-80 Pocket Computer PC-1 / PC1   
(first microcalculator with BASIC, $230, 170 g, 4-bit CPU     
SCChZ177/SCChZ178@256 kHz, 1.5k RAM, screen 24x1 character) - Japan  
(Sharp)                                                         
July 31, 1980 - TRS-80 Color Computer / CoCo ($399, Motorola     
6809E@0.89/1.8 MHz, 4/16/32k RAM, MCб847 Video Display Generator
- text in capital letters in 9 colors, graphics max. 256x192    
monochrome (with color coding effects) or 128x192 2 bit    
color, Microsoft Color BASIC, 5.25" connectivity      
floppy drive) - USA1980 - Sinclair ZX80 (L80 constructor, L100 assembled, text  
screen in capital letters, disappearing during calculations,       
integer BASIC) - England (Jim Westwood, design by Rick       
Dickinson, ROM John Grant, Nine Tiles Ltd)                      
1980 - Nintendo Game & Watch (handheld, segmented LCD,         
several versions with different games) - Japan (Gunpei Yokoi)        
1980 - game Ras-man (the first game character to appear in        
mass culture) - Japan (Tohru Iwatani, Namco, distributor 
in the USA - Midway)                                                 
1980 - Z80 SoftCard for Apple II ($350, contains Z80 and CP/M -   
first emulator for a personal computer) - USA (Tim        
Patterson from Seattle Computer, Don Burdis from Microsoft)         
August 1980 [A Short History of MS-DOS] - OS 86-DOS / QDOS      
(Quick and Dirty Operating System) / SCP-DOS / Zenith Z-DOS     
(analogue CP/M) for 8086 microprocessor card for the S-100 bus -  
USA (Tim Paterson, Seattle Computer Products), sold to    
Microsoft for $53,000 and nepeumehobaho in MS-DOS, distributed  
by IBM under the name PC-DOS                                 
1980 - Atari Battlezone (3D eye-view game) - USA (Howard 
Delman, Roger Hector, Ed Rotberg), special version of the game      
sold to the US Army for tank training                      
                                                                
March 1981 - Sinclair ZX81 (L50 (L1=$2) designer, 1k RAM      
expandable to 16k, b/w soft raster) - England (Jim        
Westwood, design by Rick Dickinson, ROM by John Grant and Steve Vickers,
Nine Tiles Ltd)                                                 
May 1981 - the first Soviet personal computer              
Electronics NTs-8010 (K1801BE1(PDP-11), 512x256, output to        
TV and tape recorder) - USSR                                  
August 1981 - IBM PC / IBM 5150 Personal Computer ($3000,       
8088@4.77 MHz~0.25 MIPS - 8-bit version of 8086, 64k/256k RAM with  
expansion up to 640k, 640x200 b/w, text 80x25, tape recorder,      
ability to connect a 160k drive) - USA (William Lowe)    
late 1981 - Air Force Micro (Model A (16k RAM)=L235, Model B (32k    
RAM)=L335, quickly grew to L299 and L399, at Christmas 1983 L200 
called Acorn Electron, 6502@2 MHz, shared memory at 4 MHz,
640x256 mono or 320x256 2-bit color or 160x256 3-bit color, etc.
modes, sound SN76489, ability to connect a floppy drive and       
adapter for downloading programs via teletext) - England (Acorn 
Computers for the Air Force Computer Literacy Project), over a million    
copies                                                     
1981 (1980?) - Iskra 226 (PDP-11?) - USSR                        
1981 - portable computer Osborne I (10.7 kg, powered by      
sockets (later with battery for an hour), $1795, Z80@4 MHz, 64k   
RAM, 5" screen, b/w text 52x24, 2 disk drives, IEEE-488, RS-232,  
CP/M 2.2 with programs included) - USA (LeeFelsenstein,     
Osborne Computer Corporation), up to 10,000 copies per month     
1981 (sales since 1983) - Epson laptop computer announced  
HX-20 - USA                                                     
1981 - Xerox Star workstation / 8010 Star Information released   
System (the first commercial computer with a windowed interface,    
mouse, Ethernet and e-mail + Smalltalk programming system) -
USA                                                             
1981 - in the USA a law on natehtobahuu programs was passed and the first one was issued
such a patent                                                    
1981 - Donkey Kong slot machine (on commercial hardware       
failed Radar Scope machine), two at once                 
Nintendo character (Donkey Kong and Mario) - Japan       
(Shigeru Miyamoto, Nintendo)                                    
1981 (1980? 1982?) - 3.5" disk drive - Japan (Sony)               
1982 - Adventure Vision (console with screen, monochrome graphics 
with mechanical scanning - 40 LEDs, about 150x40@15fps, 
Intel 8048, cartridges) - USA (Entex Industries)                 
1982 - ColecoVision (console, Z80@3.5 MHz, TMS-9928 - 2 colors per
8 dots, single-color sprites, adapter connection option  
for games with Atari 2600) - USA (Coleco)                            
February 1, 1982 - Intel 80286 processor - USA, used in   
IBM PC/AT                                                       
1982 - Motorola 68010 processor (16/32-bit like 68000, “cache” for 2
commands, ability to connect an external MMU chip, full         
virtualization, used in some Unix systems) - USA   
June 1982 (presentation April 23) - Sinclair ZX Spectrum (16k   
(L125) and soon 48k RAM (L175), Z80@3.5 MHz, 256x192 2 colors per 
8x8, beeper, microdrive since 1983, floppy drive since 1984) - England        
(Richard Altwasser, ROM by Steven Vickersfrom Nine Tiles), for 17    
months sold over a million copies (possibly including   
ZX81)                                                           
August 1982 (presentation in January) - Commodore C64 ($595 to $200
by June 1983, 64k RAM, video chip VIC-II 6567, 6510@1 MHz, MOS SID,
Microsoft BASIC, floppy drive connected via serial   
interface) - USA, 20-30 million copies until 1992 (the most    
best selling computer in history)                                
prices in spring 1982: TI 99/4A = $349, Atari 400 16K = $349,        
Radio Shack Color Computer = $379, VIC-20 = $199, C64 = $499    
mid 1982 - Arcadia 2001 (console, Signetics processor      
2650A@3.58MHz, 512 bytes RAM, Signetics 2637 UVI video,          
128x208/128x104, 3-bit color, 4 single-color sprites) - USA       
(Emerson Radio Corp)                                            
1982 (designed by Bill Moggridge, 1980) - GRiD Compass 1101      
(first laptop) - USA (Grid Company)                            
1982 (year in the instructions, circulation 30,000) - programmable          
microcalculator MK-54 (65 rubles) - USSR (Kiev plant       
"Crystal")                                                     
1982 - Sun Microsystems released its first workstation    
(68000, UniSoft V7 UNIX) - USA                                  
1982 - trial batches of the microcalculator-dictionary Electronics SP  
(1000 words of Russian, English and German languages,            
15-segment 16-bit indicator, K1801BE1(PDP-11?), bChkbit 
ROM K59bRE1) - USSR                                             
September 1982 - Jupiter ACE (Z80@3.25 MHz, 3k RAM expandable to
51k, b/w text 32x24 with custom font, beeper, Forth in ROM)
- England (Jupiter Cantab: Richard Altwasser, Steven       
Vickers)                                                        
autumn 1982 [Norton] (Wikipedia: 1983) - Compaq Portable (clone   
IBM PC in a suitcase) - USA (Compaq)                               
November 1982 -Atari 5200 (console based on Atari 400/800, but not  
compatible, cartridges) - USA                                    
November 1982 - Vectrex (console with monochrome monitor and        
vector graphics, some 3D games for stereo glasses          
mechanical shutter, $199, 68A09@1.6MHz, 1k RAM, AY-3-8912,   
cartridges, possibility of connecting 3D Imager - rotating disk  
with filters to create a 3D effect and color) - USA        
(General Consumer Electric, developed by Milton Bradley   
Company), many homebrew games                                    
1982 - NEC PC-9801 (8086@5MHz, 128k RAM, 640x400 8 colors, bus 
C-Bus) - Japan, series produced until 2000 (PC-9821RaChZ, Celeron
1982 - Sun Microsystems released its first workstation    
(68000, UniSoft V7 UNIX) - USA                                  
1982 - trial batches of the microcalculator-dictionary Electronics SP  
(1000 words of Russian, English and German languages,            
15 segment16-bit indicator, K1801BE1(PDP-11?), bChkbit 
ROM K59bRE1) - USSR                                             
September 1982 - Jupiter ACE (Z80@3.25 MHz, 3k RAM expandable to
51k, b/w text 32x24 with custom font, beeper, Forth in ROM)
- England (Jupiter Cantab: Richard Altwasser, Steven       
Vickers)                                                        
autumn 1982 [Norton] (Wikipedia: 1983) - Compaq Portable (clone   
IBM PC in a suitcase) - USA (Compaq)                               
November 1982 - Atari 5200 (console based on Atari 400/800, but not  
compatible, cartridges) - USA                                    
November 1982 - Vectrex (console with monochrome monitor and        
vector graphics, some 3D games for stereo glasses          
mechanical shutter, $199, 68A09@1.6MHz, 1k RAM, AY-3-8912,   
cartridges, possibility of connecting 3D Imager - rotating disk  
with filters to create a 3D effect and color) - USA        
(General Consumer Electric, developed by Milton Bradley   
Company),a lot of homebrew games                                    
1982 - NEC PC-9801 (8086@5MHz, 128k RAM, 640x400 8 colors, bus 
C-Bus) - Japan, series produced until 2000 (PC-9821RaChZ, Celeron
433MHz)                                                         
                                                                
January 1983 - Apple Lisa ($10000, 68K@5 MHz, 1M RAM, mouse, 2    
NGMD 5.25", HDD 5M, b/w) - USA                                 
1983 - Apple IIe (text 80x24, with graphics extension 280x192 4? 
bit color, 560x192 2? bit color) - USA                            
January 1983 - Commodore SXbH (first portable color        
computer, $1600, 10.5 kg, C64 with disk drive, 5" monitor) - USA  
March 1983 - MS-DOS 2.0 (subdirectories, unlike CP/M) - USA   
(Microsoft)                                                     
early 1983 - IBM XT (8086, 256k RAM, optional HDD) - USA   
1983 - Oric-1 (L129/L169, 16/48k RAM, 6502A@1 MHz, General      
Instruments AY 8912, text 40x28, graphics 240x200 2 colors by 8  
dots + 3 lines of text, BASIC, connectivity         
floppy drives since 1994) - England (Tangerine Computer Systems), ~210000
copies in 1983; Oric Atmos (1984) differs slightly  
June 1983 - ZX Interface 2 (L20, ROM cartridge interface, 2     
joystick according to the Atari standard), deliveries from August (+ 10 games per   
sold at L15, later L10) - England (Sinclair Research)         
June 1983 - Coleco Adam ($525 quickly raised to $725, Z80@3.58  
MHz+3xMotorola 6801@1 MHz (memory & I/O, container, keyboard         
control), 64k RAM, 16k VRAM, TMS9928A video, SN76489AN audio,    
tape recorder (EM interference spoils cassettes when turned on), printer,  
no BASIC in ROM) - USA, less than 100,000 copies (until 1985)    
June 27, 1983 - MSX standard (Z80@3.58 MHz, 8k-bChk RAM,          
TMS-9918A/9928 - 2 colors per 8 points and single colorsprites, AY) -
Japan (ASCII and Microsoft), not available in the US               
July 15, 1983 - Nintendo Famicom (console) (Ricoh                
2A03(6502+sound:synthesis+digital mono channel)@1.79 (NTSC)/1.66     
(PAL) MHz, 2k RAM, Ricoh RP2C02-RP2C07 - 2 bit color with palettes 
per tile and sprite) (+ Donkey Kong, Donkey Kong Jr.,       
Popeye - Japan                                                
autumn 1983 - Compaq Plus (portable XT clone with HDD) - USA      
late 1983 - Atari 6OOXL (16k), 8OOXL (64k), 14OOXL (built-in 
300 baud modem and speech synthesizer), 145OXLD (same with disk drive   
5.25" - not released) - USA                                         
late 1983 - IBM PCjr (cheap PC version with improved color  
graphics, $669, ~0.15 MIPS, 128k RAM) - USA, commercial failure
1983 - C++ language - USA (Bjarne Stroustrup, AT&T Bell             
Laboratories)                                                   
prices: January: VIC-20 = $139, C64= $400; February: TI 99/4A =    
$149; March: VIC-20 = $100; June: TI 99/4A = $100; September: TI  
leaves the market, C64 = $200                                      
1983 - I, Robot (arcade, the first commercial game with             
polygonal filled 3D graphics, for the first time the continue option) - USA
(Dave Theurer, Atari), failure - about 1000 copies          
video game crash: 1981 - Atari forced customers to place orders
on 1982; December 7, 1982 - Warner stock begins to fall           
Communications; March 1983 - Atari lays off 600 people; April 
1983 - Atari closes its last US plant and destroys  
undelivered game cartridges E.T. - out of 4M released, 1.5M were sold 
- and Ras-Man for Atari 2600 - 7M out of 12M sold                  
1983 - Mario Bros. slot machine, the first game with Mario in       
starring - Japan                                           
1983 - Bomberman game for different platforms, the first game with        
character of the same name - Japan (Hudson Soft)                   
mid 1983 - the game Lode Runner was released for Apple II, etc. -  
USA (Douglas E. Smith - Renton, Washington)                    
November 20, 1983 - Borland Turbo Pascal for MS-DOS and CP/M         
(freeware, $50 with book) - USA (under the direction of Philippe Kahn, 
compiler author Anders Hejlsberg)                             
                                                                
January 12, 1984 - Sinclair QL (~L400, 128k RAM expandable to    
640k, 68008@7.5 MHz, 3 bit color or 2 bit high resolution
horizontal, microdrive) - England (Sinclair Research)           
1984 - Commodore C16 ($99, TED video chip - no sprites, 6510@1  
MHz, 16k) - USA                                                 
1984 - Atari 7800 (console) - USA                               
1984 - IBM PC/AT (80286) - USA                                  
January 22, 1984 - Apple Macintosh (simplified Lisa, $2495,       
68008@8 MHz, 128k RAM, b/w 512x342(256?), built-in 3.5" HDD 
digital sound 8-bit mono + MacWrite and MacPaint included) -   
USA, by September 1995 500,000 copies                         
1984 - Microsoft Word for Apple Macintosh - USA                 
May 1984 (announced February 1982) - Interface 1 (L50) and drive  
ZX Microdrive (L30, L5 to L2 for 85k cartridge, 120 KB/s) -    
England (Ben Cheese, ROM by Ian Logan for Sinclair Research)        
May 1984 - HP 110 / 45710A (the first IBM PC-compatible laptop,   
$2995, 9 lbs, 80C86@5.33 MHz, 272k RAM, MS-DOS 2.11 ROM
and Lotus 123 v1A, 480x128 screen, HP-IL, RS-232 ports, modem on   
300 baud, 16 hours on battery) - USA (Hewlett-Packard)     
1984 - Amstrad/Schneider CPC 464 / KC Compact (Z80@4 MHz, 64k   
RAM, 256x192 2-bit color or 128x192 4-bit color, AY, disk drive) - 
England                                                          
1984 - Thomson M05 (6809) - France, following MOSE models,     
MOSNR, MOB, T9000, TO7, TO7/70, TO8, TO8D, TO9, TO9+ and Olivetti 
Prodest PC128                                                   
1984 (developed 1982) - Agate released (clone of Apple II/II+,       
several configurations, with float drive) - USSR (HUUBK)                  
1984 - Elite game for Air Force Micro and Acorn Electron - England (David
Braben, Ian Bell)                                               
1984 - EGA (4 bit color) for IBM PC/AT - USA (IBM)               
1984 - non-profit FidoNet network - USA (Tom Jennings from San   
Francisco, California)                                          
1984 - MFM (Double Density) drives                           
summer 1984 - Amiga prototype (working title - Lorraine) (68000)
- USA (Jay Miner, Robert J. "RJ" Mical and others, Amiga             
Technologies),purchased by Commodore                          
1984 - Jack Traimel (President of Commodore) left his post and bought  
Atari                                                     
1984 - Motorola 68020 processor (32-bit, 256 byte command cache,   
cheap version with 24-bit address: 68ECO20) - USA                 
1984 (1980? 1982?)  - "Yellow Book" standard for computers     
CD-ROM - Japan-Netherlands (Sony and Philips)                     
                                                                
January 1985 - Commodore C128 (C64 with 128k RAM + CP/M,            
8502@2MHz+Z80@2MHz) - USA                                       
1985 - Sega System 16 (arcade, 68000@10MHz+Z80, scaling 
sprites, YM2151, ADPCM decoder) - Japan                       
April 1985  - first ARM processors (ARM2 (1986) - 32-bit RISC, 
8 MHz=4 MIPS, 16 registers, 30000 transistors,ARMZ - with 4k     
cache) - England (Acorn Computers Ltd.)                          
September 1985 - Sinclair ZX Spectrum 128 / was released in Spain    
Derby (50000 necet~L230, 128k RAM, AY) - Spain (Investronica) 
+ England (MetaLab laboratory at Sinclair Research), in England with  
1986                                                            
1985 (announced September 1983) - Enterprise / Mephisto PHC 64 /     
DPC(Damp Proof Course) / Samurai / Oscar / Elan / Flan (Z80@4   
MHz, 64/128k RAM, 672x256 b/w or 160x256 4-bit color or      
80x180 8 bit color, 4 channels stereo sound, built-in joystick,    
EXOS+BASIC, ability to emulate Spectrum 48k (by changing the cartridge 
ROM) and drive connection with CP/M), 80,000 copies - England
(Intelligent Software for Localals from Hong Kong), next in    
series - PWЗб0 (1986)                                            
mid 1985 - Air Force Micro Model B+ (64k RAM and 128k RAM, built-in 
disk drive, the ability to connect HDD and almost any     
additional processor) - England                            
1985- MSX2 standard (Z80@3.58 MHz, from 64k RAM, V9938 - 4 bit  
background color, sprites color per line, hardware scrolling and blitter,  
AY) - Japan                                                    
1985 - Atari XE (8-bit), Atari ST (68000, 4 bit background color and      
sprites) - USA                                                  
July 1985 - Commodore Amiga 1000 (68000, OCS - 5 bit background color, 8
sprites 16 pixels wide and arbitrary height, 2 bit color    
(or 4 sprites 4 bit color), hardware scrolling, copper, blitter,
digital 4-channel stereo audio via DMA, AmigaOS - preemptive   
multitasking, modularity; Amiga connectivity     
Transformer - IBM PC emulator cartridge) - USA                 
1985 - BK-0010 (KP1801VM1(PDP-11?)@3 MHz, 32k RAM, 512x256 b/w and
256x256 2 bit color, disc drive separately) - USSR (NPO "Scientific"     
Center" (Zelenograd), produced by the Exciton plant (Pavlovsky Posad) and
etc.)                                                            
1985 (1986?) - Intel 8038bDX processor (32-bit, 250 thousand         
transistors) - USA, used in Compaq Deskpro 386 and IBM   
PS/2 Model 80, there is a cheap 16-bit version - 8038bSX (1988)      
1985 - educational computer Irish (KPS80BM80A(i8080)@1.777 MHz,    
64/128/256k RAM, 320x200 2-bit color, 640x200 b/w, 320x200 b/w,  
NGMD, 320x190x120 mm, 3.5 kg, software compatible with SM-1800) -
USSR (Chemical Faculty of Moscow State University)                                 
June 1985 - Tetris game for Electronics-60 (PDP-11) - USSR      
(Alexey Pajitnov)                                              
1985 - Super Mario Bros. game. for Nintendo Famicom (most       
sold game) - Japan                                      
October 18, 1985 - NES (Nintendo Famicom) released in the USA (Super  
Mario Bros. included + 18 games on sale), with protection against       
unlicensed cartridges                                       
late 1985 - ZX Spectrum was cloned in the USSR (Yuri Dmitrievich Dobush (main author of the scheme), Evgeniy Evgenievich Natopta (PO),  
Oleg Vasilievich Starostenko (printed circuit board), Vitaly Lev,      
Lviv Polytechnic Institute)                             
1985 - prototype Electronics SS LSI (250 MFLOPS on one  
processor) - USSR (Vladimir Andreevich Melnikov, Institute      
problems of cybernetics), 4 finished machines were manufactured (1989-1991)  
1985 - Cray-2 (1 GFLOPS) - USA                                  
1985 - serial production of the supercomputer "Elbrus-2" (10          
processors, up to 125 million op/s) - USSR (V.S. Burtsev and B.A. Babayan)
1985 - modem Courier 2400 baud - USA (U.S. Robotics)           
                                                                
January 10, 1986 - Apple Macintosh Plus ($2600, 1M RAM expandable
up to 4M, 800k HDD, SCSI HDD, b/w) - USA                         
early 1986 - Air Force Master (128k RAM) - England (AcornComputers)  
May 1986 - Pixar Image Computer (peripherals for 3D rendering,   
$135000 (P-II (1987) - $30000), 2 CPUs, 10*3-bit color) - USA  
(Pixar), <300 cars of three models were sold until 1990 (the last one     
(1988) PII-9 - 4 CPU, 3G RAID)                                  
June 1986 - Sega Master System / SG-1000 Mark III ($200, Z80@3.5
MHz, 4 bit color for background and sprites, hardware scrolling, SN76489)
- Japan (initially launched in the USA, and in Japan itself in November    
1987 with the addition of YM2413 and adapter for stereo glasses)           
1986 - homemade computer RADIO-8bRK (8080@1 MHz, 16k/32k    
RAM, text mode, the drive was not originally planned) -    
USSR (Yu.V. Ozerov) [Radio, 1986, #4-6]                           
1986 - Lviv PC-01 (8080, 48k RAM, 16k VRAM 2 bit color 256x256) 
- USSR (Lvov Production Association named after V.I. Lenin)  
1986 - microcalculator-microcomputer Electronics MK-85 (145   
r., processor T36BM1-2 (PDP-11), BASIC) - USSR (cloneJapanese  
Casio FX-700P calculator with changes                        
[http://www.computer-museum.ru/histussr/mk_85_1.htm])           
November 1, 1986 - game Alex Kidd in Miracle World for Sega Master 
System, the first game to feature the character of the same name (Sega's mascot before    
Sonic - until 1991) - Japan                                
1986 - Norton Commander file manager - USA (John Socha,    
Peter Norton Computing)                                         
                                                                
1987 - Didaktik Gama (ZX Spectrum 48k clone with proprietary ULA, 80k 
RAM) - Czechoslovakia, more than 60,000 copies                    
April 1987 - IBM PS/2 (80286/386, MCA bus instead of ISA, memory  
SIMM72, 3.5" NGMD 1.44M, VGA - 8 bit color or 4 in high      
resolution) - USA                                               
1987 - Adlib sound card (YMЗ812 - 9 2-operator channels)  
for PC - Canada1987 - Hewlett-Packard HP-28 calculator (solves equations in    
symbolic form) - USA                                          
1987 - Apple Mac II (Motorola 68020(32-bit)@16 MHz, color, slots 
extensions) and Macintosh SE (compact version) - USA            
summer 1987 - Leningrad 48k (easy to assemble homemade ZX clone 
Spectrum) - USSR (Sergey Zonov)                                 
1987 - Commodore Amiga 500 (cheap - most popular) and Amiga 
2000 (dear - desktop) - USA                                  
October 1987 - C64 Emulator for Amiga - USA (Readysoft)         
1987 - Motorola 68030 processor (68020 core, MMU, 256 byte cache  
data and the same number of commands, up to 50 MHz) - USA                    
October 30, 1987 - NEC PC Engine (console) (4 bit color with         
palettes for each tile and sprite, in 1988 with CD) - Japan (in 
USA as TurboGrafX 16 with 29August 1989)                        
June 1987 - Acorn Archimedes models 300/400 (ARM, 512k/1M RAM   
respectively) - England                                        
1987 - Vector-Obts (8080, 4 bit color 256x256) - USSR (Donat      
Temirazov, Alexander Sokolov)                                   
November 6, 1987 - Electronics MS 0511 / Electronics UKNTs (UK-NTs - 
educational computer of the scientific center as part of the Complex           
computing educational Electronics MS 0202) (2 processors     
KM1801VM2(PDP-11)@8 MHz(64k RAM) and 6.25 MHz(32k RAM + 96k VRAM),
3 bit color 640x288 and other modes, 3 kg, local network, disk drive 
on the teacher's computer) - USSR (developed by NPO "Scientific    
Center", produced by the Kvant plant in Zelenograd and Solnechnogorsk    
electromechanical plant), more than 100,000 copies            
1987 (Sun Microsystems 1986 standard) - SPARC Version 7 (V7)    
(32-bit RISC processor) - USA                                   
1987 - CompuServe GIF87a(graphic format, 8 bit color, LZW   
(patent December 1985, application June 1983) compression, since 1989 (GIF89a) 
- animation) - USA                                               
1987 - Sharp X68000 / X68K (68000-030@10-25MHz, 1-12MB RAM, SCSI
HDD, YM2151+digital channel, sprites, upgrades to 68040/060) -   
Japan                                                          
December 1987 - OS/2 operating system - USA (Microsoft/IBM,  
later only IBM)                                             
1987 - modem Courier HST 9600 (U.S. Robotics) - USA            
                                                                
1988 - MGT SAM Coupe` (Z80@6 MHz, 256k RAM, 4 bit color, SAA     
1099, floppy drive, compatible with ZX Spectrum 48k) - England (Miles    
Gordon Technology, ROM Andrew Owen)                             
1988 - MSX2+ standard (Z80@3.58 MHz, V9958 - 8 bit color,        
YM2413+AY) - Japan                                             
1988 - Microsoft MSX-DOS 2 (almost a complete copy of MS-DOS 3.3) -    
Japan                                                          
1988 (1987?) - Z88 Cambridge Computer / Sinclair Z88 (laptop,    
Z80@4MHz, 32k-128k RAM, expandable to 1M, Pipedream OS with BBC   
Basic, 900 grams, 20 hours on 4 AA batteries) - England           
1988 - Sega Mega Drive / Genesis (console, 68000@7.67           
MHz+Z80@3.5 MHz, 4 bit color for 2 layers and sprites,             
YM2612+SN76489, adapter for games with Sega Master System) - Japan  
1988 (shipped from 1989) - NeXT Computer ($6500, 68030@25 MHz,    
1120x832 2 bit monochrome 17", magneto-optical disk, NeXTStep   
1.0 OS) - USA (Steve Jobs)                                      
1988 - TIA-MC-1 (arcade) (4 bit color, hardware sprites, games  
The Little Humpbacked Horse, etc.)- USSR                                    
1988 - A2088 and A2286 Bridgeboards for Amiga (hardware         
XT and AT emulators) - USA (Commodore), best-selling         
devices for Amiga                                            
1988 - Apple sues Microsoft, claiming that Windows
(Interface Manager - 1983, 1.0 - 1985) violates copyright 
on MacOS                                                        
1988 - POSIX (portable operating system interface) standard for 
*nix - USA                                                      
1988 - laser color printer released - Japan (Canon)        
late 1988-early 1989 - domestic Beta 128 Disk Interface  
for ZX Spectrum (later HTK "Plus", Moscow)               
                                                                
1989 - Xerox sues Apple, claiming that MacOS      
uses Xerox Star GUI elements1989 (announced January) - Nintendo Game Whoa (handheld, $149, later  
$109, Z80 with modified command set, b/w, Tetris) - Japan    
(Gunpei Yokoi)                                                  
1989 - Apple Macintosh IIci (68030@25 MHz, support > 8M RAM), 
Macintosh Portable (laptop, 68000@16 MHz), etc. - USA           
1989 (1990?) - Nintendo Super Famicom / SNES (console,           
65C816(16-bit version 6502)@3.58 MHz, 8 bit color for 2 layers and   
sprites, hardware rotation) - Japan, in the USA since 1991           
1989 - Intel i486 processor (25 MHz, built-in FPU) - USA      
1989 - sound card Creative Labs Sound Blaster 1.0 (8 bit    
digital audio) - USA                                            
September (announced January) 1989 - Atari Lynx (first color       
handheld, $190, MOS b5SCO2@4 MHz+mat.coprocessor, digital sound,
4 bit color withpalette, blitter, hardware rotation, up to 75 fps, 
160x102, 64k RAM, 6 AA batteries lasted for 4 hours, in Lynx II     
($99, 1991, stereo) - for 5-6) - USA (Robert J. "RJ" Mical et al.,
Epyx), 2 million copies                                   
1989 - Sega Game Gear (color handheld based on Sega Master     
System) - Japan                                                
1989 - a series of DECstation workstations (RISC processor) was released
from MIPS Technologies, Ultrix OS) - USA                          
June 1989 (presentation November 1988) - A-Max / AMAX (emulator    
Apple Macintosh for Amiga) - USA? (Readysoft)                   
1989 - Spark 1030M (KP1810BM86(i8086)@4.77 MHz) presented on 
exhibition - USSR                                                 
1989 - Prince of Persia game for Apple II - USA (Jordan Mechner,
Broderbund)                                                     
1989 - recordable CDs (Orange Book standard)1989 - Atari Portfolio (the first IBM PC-compatible handheld,     
$400, 20x10.5x2.5 cm, 505 g, 80C88@4.9152 MHz, 128k RAM, 256k   
ROM (DIP DOS, compatible with MS-DOS), screen b/w 240x64 without       
backlight, beeper, 100 hours from 3 AA batteries, expansion slot) -
England (Distributed Information Processing - former employees  
Psion)                                                          
                                                                
1990 - SNK Neo-Geo MVS (arcade, 68000+Z80, 8 bit color,          
hardware scaling) - Japan                            
1990 - Operation Sun Devil (BBS baiting in the USA), Steve Jackson    
Games closed for releasing RPG games about the computer industry       
1990 - Hobbit (64k RAM, local network, compatible with ZX Spectrum 
48, Forth or LOGO in ROM, 3.5" disk drive) - USSR (Dmitry        
Mikhailov, Mikhail Osetinsky, InterCompex, Leningrad),           
exported                                                 
1990- HDD for Commodore C64 (20 M=$600, 40 M=$800, 100 M=$1300)
- USA (CMD Creative Micro Designs)                              
1990 - BK-0011 (PDP-11@4 MHz, 128k RAM, 2-bit color with palette,  
disk drive) - USSR (NPO "Scientific Center"?)                         
1990 - Apple Macintosh IIfx ($9900, 68030@40 MHz+2*6502) - USA  
May 1990 - Microsoft Windows 3.0 - USA                          
1990 - Motorola 68040 processor (32-bit, 25-40 MHz, FPU, MMU, 4k
command and data caches, cheap version without FPU: 68LCOH0) - USA    
1990 - Duo FC (clone of IBM PC/AT and NES in one case)            
(DuoComputers)                                                  
October 1990 - Macintosh Classic (copy of Macintosh SE, $999,     
68020@16 MHz, compact), Macintosh LC ($1800, 68020, 512x384),
Macintosh IIsi ($2500, 68030@20 MHz) - USA                      
1990 - Commodore Amiga 3000 ($4100 withmonitor, ECS - 6 bit color
or HAM6, Zorro III bus) - USA                                 
1990 - NewTek Video Toaster board for Commodore Amiga (3D       
rendering, video capture, NTSC only) - USA (Tim Jenison, NewTek)
1990 - Orion-128 (8080@2.5 MHz, 128k RAM expandable up to 256k, 
384x256 4 bit color, ORDOS) - USSR (V. Sugonyako, V. Sofronov)      
["Radio", 1990-92]                                              
1990? - Pentagon 128 (homemade clone of ZX Spectrum with Beta 128   
Disk Interface), later the standard for the demoscene - USSR     
(Moscow), Pentagon 2+ (with AY) - early 1991?                     
1990 - Amstrad CPC+ / Amstrad Plus (16 sprites 16x16 4 bit     
color, scrolling) - England                                       
1990 - Bonk`s Adventure / PC Kid game for PCE/TG16, first game 
with the character of the same name (platform mascot) - Japan (Red       
Company)March 1, 1991 - JPEG / JFIF graphics compression standard (Y / YCbCr   
(optional any color space), 8x8 squares,        
frequency conversion, Huffman (optional arithmetic   
encoding)) - USA (JPEG)                                      
1991 - SNK Neo-Geo AES (console) (copy of the slot machine) -    
Japan                                                          
June 1991 (development 1988) - first batch sold (10 pcs)     
computer Search - USSR                                         
June 23, 1991 - Sonic The Hedgehog game for SMD, the first game with   
character of the same name - Japan (Yuji Naka)                     
July 1, 1991 - Duke Nukem game for PC, the first game with the same name 
character - USA (3D Realms)                                    
summer 1991 - Profi (Z80@7 MHz, 256k with extension up to1024k,      
high horizontal resolution in b/w, in future versions with 2
colors for 8 points, Beta 128 Disk Interface, CP/M) - USSR       
(Condor, Kramis)                                                
autumn 1991 (development spring 1991) - ATM Turbo (Z80@7 MHz, 256k 
up to 1024k, 4-bit color or high resolution   
horizontal with 2 colors for 8 points, DAC, ADC, HT keyboard,    
Beta 128 Disk Interface, CP/M) - USSR (ATM, MicroArt)           
1991 - ZS Scorpion 256 (Z80@3.5 and since 1993 7 MHz, 256k, Beta 128  
Disk Interface, ability to switch tasks, since 1997          
controllers XT keyboards, HDD/CD and graphics 640x200 color for 8  
points) - USSR (Sergey Zonov, ROM Andrey Larchenko)               
September 17, 1991 - Linux kernel released (free UNIX-like
system) - Finland (Linus Benedict Torvalds)                  
1991 - Apple PowerBook 100/140/170 (laptop with built-in        
trackball, 68000@16 MHz, 68030@16 MHz, 68030@25 MHz)            
1991 - Compact Disc Interactive / CD-i (console, $700) -        
Netherlands (Royal Philips Electronics)                          
1991 - NES emulator for Sega Mega Drive - Japan (Yuji Naka)    
1991 - FM Towns Marty (the first 32-bit console, based on FM Towns  
(PC-compatible computer with YM2612), AMDЗ86@16MHz (second version
25), CD drive and floppy drive) - Japan (not available anywhere else         
published)                                                     
1991 - EPOC16 (OS for mobile devices from Psion Software),   
later became EPOCЗ2 and Symbian - England                         
                                                                
March/May 1992 - Microsoft Windows 3.1 - USA                     
1992 - U.S. The 9th Circuit Court of Appeals held that        
emulator that generates signals indistinguishable from the original,       
infringes copyright (Nintendo v.Atari)               
1992 - Commodore Amiga 600 (68000, ECS), Amiga 1200 (October,   
68ECO20, AGA - 8 bit color or HAM8), Amiga 4000 (August,        
ECO30+external FPU or 040, AGA) - USA                           
1992 - Sega CD / Mega CD (CD-ROM and sprite rotation for Sega   
Mega Drive) - Japan                                            
1992 - PCI (Intel) and VESA Local Bus (VESA  bus standards        
consortium) - USA                                               
1992 (shipped from March 2, 1993) - Intel Pentium processor (0.8u 
60/66 MHz (later up to 0.25u 300 MHz), 64-bit SD, 32-bit registers, 
two pipelines, the first versions had an FDIV error) - versions         
emergence of a new line of names: a) Pentium - 80586 s        
bugs fixed; b) Cyrix owned the production rights 
80x86; c) in the case Intel v. AMD court rules that numbers cannot
be trademarks; d) Pentkovsky - one of the developers  
(later worked on Pentium III); e) computer on the 5th       
generations1992 - Sega Model 1 (arcade, NEC V60@16MHz (32-bit RISC), up to    
180000 poly/sec), almost the first 3D fighting game Virtua was released on it   
Fighter and a number of other 3D games - Japan                            
                                                                
1993 - PKZIP 2 archiver (deflate method appeared, shareware $25)
- USA (Phil Katz, PKWARE)                                       
1993 - MPEG-1 video compression standard (designed for 1.5 Mbit/s
352x240/29.97 fps / 352x288/25 fps, includes Layer 3 for sound  
(1991 standard)) - USA (MPEG)                                   
1993? - SuperFX processor (32-bit RISC) (Argonaut Software),    
used in some SNES games (usually 3D), the first    
game (Starfox) - February 21, 1993 in Japan                       
1993 - Doom game for PC - USA (id Software)                     
September 1993 (announced July 16) - Commodore Amiga CDЗ2 (console on
based on Amiga 1200 + CD)- USA                                     
1993 - Alesta (MSX clone without sprites), only a few were released 
dozens - Russia                                               
1993 - ATM Turbo 2 / Turbo 2 (512k with extension up to 1024k, 4 bit
color or high resolution horizontally with 2 colors by 8    
dots, text, hardware vertical scroll, HT/AT keyboard, 
HDD, CD) - Russia (MicroArt)                                   
September 1993 - ZDO Interactive Multiplayer (console, $700,     
ARMb@12 MHz~10 MIPS, CD) - USA (Robert J. "RJ" Mical, Dave      
Needle), sold to Matsushita/Panasonic                  
1993 - Sega TeraDrive (ISA board emulating Sega Mega Drive) -
England-Japan (Amstrad and Sega)                                  
November 18, 1993 - Atari Jaguar (console, $250, 5 processors -   
3 32-bit RISC video (+ 64-bit object processor and blitter),   
central 32-bit RISC@26.5MHz, additional common          
destination 68000@13.29MHz, 2M RAM, cartridges up to 6M, later     
Jaguar CD released- cartridge with CD drive) - USA               
December 1993 - freeware Unix-compatible OS FreeBSD 1.0         
                                                                
1994 (1993?) - Apple PowerMacintosh (RISC PowerPC processor from   
Apple/IBM/Motorola alliance) - USA, by the end of 1994 more than a million 
copies                                                     
1994 - Apple PowerBook 500 (laptop with trackpad) - USA            
1994 - SVP / Sega Virtua Processor (32-bit DSP used in
Virtual Racing game for Sega Mega Drive to speed up rendering 
3D, cartridge cost $100) - Japan                               
1994 - SNK Neo-Geo CD (console, copy of the slot machine + CD) - 
Japan                                                          
December 3, 1994 - Sony PlayStation / PS1 / PSOne / PSX (but in 2003 
A multimedia processor based on PS2 was released under the name PSX)        
(console, 2M RAM, 1M VRAM, 512k Sound RAM, R3051(MIPS           
R30OOA-compatible 32bitRISC)@33.8688 MHz+coprocessor for IDCT  
16x16+3D processor (140000 Gouraud 4 bit textured 10x10         
triangles/s), up to 640x480 and up to 24-bit color, digital sound 24     
channel, CD) - Japan (in the USA from September 1, 1995, $299), more than 100 
million copies                                                 
late 1994 - Iomega Zip drive (3.5", 100 MB, later 250, 750,    
1 MB/s) - USA (Iomega)                                       
1994 - Acorn Computers Risc PC / Medusa (ARM processor, RISC OS)
- England                                                        
1994 - Sega Pico (book-shaped console) - Japan               
November 1994- Sega 32x (add-on for Sega Megadrive, $170,    
2xSH2@20MHz, memory, etc.) - Japan                             
November 22, 1994 - Sega Saturn (console) - Japan (in the USA from May 11 
1995)                                                           
1994 - distribution of ROM dumps is prohibited (Sega v. case       
MAPHIA)                                                         
1994 - the first software emulator of the Sega Mega Drive (emulated  
only Sonic the Hedgehog game) for PC (The Careless Gamer)     
1994 - Motorola 68060 processor (32-bit, 0.6u/0.42u, 50-75 MHz, 
two pipelines, MMU, FPU, 8k command and data caches) - USA (Joe     
Circello), used in television character generators      
1994 - Bandai Playdia (console, about $250, theoretically        
32-bit, discs) - Japan (not published anywhere else)         
December 23, 1994 - NEC PC-FX (console, processor NEC V810@21.5MHz
(32-bit RISC), disks) - Japan (not published anywhere else)     
December 24, 1994 - agreement between CompuServe and Unisys          
(LZW patent holder): GIF can be used without         
licensing only in free applications (patent period    
expired 2003/2004 in different countries)1995 - Microsoft Windows 95 - USA                               
1995 - Be Inc. BeBox (dual PowerPC@66 MHz and later 133 MHz, BeOS)
- USA, commercial failure (2000 copies)                   
1995 - the first emulator of Nintendo Game Whoa (Marat Fayzullin, s    
open source)                                          
July 21, 1995 - Nintendo Virtual Whoa (console with stereographics, 
in the form of glasses on a stand, red and black monochrome graphics,   
mechanical scanning with LED line, NEC V810@20MHz (32-bit   
RISC), cartridges) - Japan (Gunpei Yokoi), in the USA from August 14   
($180), commercial failure                                     
May 23, 1995 (presentation of the Oak / Java language - September 3, 1992) -  
Java platform - USA (Sun Microsystems)                         
                                                                
1996 - DjVu (free graphic format, high compression       
scanned literature, multi-page, integrated    
text and links) - USA (Yann Le Cun, Leon Bottou, Patrick        
Haffner, Paul G. Howard, AT&T Laboratories)                     
1996 - Bandai Tamagotchi (handheld, growing game          
character, b/w) - Japan (Aki Maita), more than 40 million        
copies, 37 issues (first 11 characters)               
1996 - Quake game for PC (the first 3D shooter with play via         
Internet) - USA (id Software)                                   
1996 - 3dfx Voodoo for PC - USA (3dfx Interactive, since 2000 in     
composed of NVIDIA Corp.)                                           
1996 - Nintendo 64 (console, 3D, cartridges) - Japan            
1996 - Sprinter (Z84C15@21 MHz, FPGA Altera, 8-bit color or 4 in
high resolution, scrolling, hardware scaling, HDD, 16 
bit digital sound) - Russia (Ivan Makarchenko, Peters)           
1996 - the first SNES emulators for PC                             
1996 - UAE (the first Amiga emulator for PC) (Bernard Schmidt)     
1996 - Ras-Man emulator (Nicola Salmora), subsequently project   
M.A.M.E. (Multiple Arcade Machine Emulator)                     
1996 - Palm (series of pocket computers, first Pilot models   
1000 and Pilot 5000, Palm OS) - USA (Palm Computing: Donna        
Dubinsky, Ed Colligan, Jeff Hawkins (Palm OS) - U.S. subgroup  
Robotics)                                                       
August 31, 1996 - Crash Bandicoot game for PSX, the first game with   
character of the same name (unofficial Sony maxot) - USA        
(Naughty Dog)                                                   
November 15, 1996 - Tom Raider game, the first game with Lara Croft -   
USA (Core Design: Toby Gard (design), Paul Howard Douglas, Nell 
McAndrew (model))November 16, 1996 (CE1.0 Pegasus) - Windows CE (OS for portable 
devices) - USA                                                
                                                                
1997 - Panasonic M2 (console, 2xPowerPC 602@66MHz, disks) -     
Japan, canceled just before release (there were already prototypes and      
half-finished games), there was a Konami slot machine based on it (1   
game 1997, 4 games 1998)                                         
September 1997 - Tiger Game.Som (handheld, Sharp SM8521 processor
(8-bit), 192x160 in 4 shades of gray, touchscreen 12x10) - USA  
(Tiger Electronics)                                             
September 1997 - SNK Hyper Neo Geo 64 (arcade, 64-bit RISC),     
7 games released (1997-1999) - Japan                                
1997 (in the USA May 1998) - DualShock (joystick with vibration and       
analog control) for Playstation - Japanearly 1998 - Ian Bell (without the consent of David Barben) posted in    
free use of the Elite version of the game for different platforms -   
England                                                          
March 22, 1998 - IDSA attacks sites containing ROMs for        
emulators (as a result, 15 sites were closed)                     
1998 - Sega Dreamcast (console, GD-ROM disks (12 cm, 1.2G)) -   
Japan (in the USA since 1999)                                           
1998 - Nintendo Game Whoa Color (handheld, 2 AA batteries instead 
4) - Japan                                                     
1998 - Apple iMac (PowerPC, compact, USB, FireWire),         
several million copies (800,000 in 1998) - USA           
1998 - SGI (owned by Cray from February 1996 to April 4, 2000)     
switched to the production of IBM PC-compatiblestations with Linux and    
Windows                                                         
May 1998 - NeoRage (NeoGeo emulator) (Anders Nilsson, Janne     
Korpola)                                                        
1998 - PSEmu Pro and Psyke (Sony PlayStation emulators)           
1998 - Digital Millenium Copyright Ast came into force           
late 1998 - SNK NeoGeo Pocket (handheld, $70?, processors      
16-bit TOSHIBA TLCS-900H (90k RAM) + Z80 (4k RAM), 160x152 16 2 
bit palettes per layer (2 layers), 64 sprites 2 bit color, sound 12 bit 
DAC + 6 synthesized stereo channels) - Japan                
1998 - Dance Dance Revolution game with dance pad - mat, on   
which he tramples on (stepping on its different parts to the beat of the music)   
player - Japan (Konami)                                         
                                                                
March 16, 1999 - SNK NeoGeo Pocket Color (handheld, NeoGeo Pocketwith color, $69.95) - Japan                                      
1999 - Bandai WonderSwan (handheld, NEC V30@3MHz (16-bit), b/w, 
then color) - Japan (Koto (Gunpei Yokoi laboratory))       
1999 - UltraHLE (Nintendo 64 emulator) (Episilon, RealityMan)   
February 1999 - Sega Smash Rask (8 games for Sega Mega Drive in    
freeware emulator KGen yu Steve Snake) - Japan (Sega)         
1999 - ASCII Software (Japan) threatens to sue a fan translator   
KanjiHack for RPG Tool Super Dante 2 for SNES                  
1999 - Capcom released an emulator of its MegaMan slot machine
/ RockMan for Sony PlayStation - Japan                         
1999 - EPOC Release 5 / Symbian OS 5 (OS for mobile          
devices, grew out of Psion EPOCЗ2) - England (Psion, Symbian    
Ltd.)                                                           
                                                                
2000 - Sony PlayStation 2 (console, 32M RAM, 4M VRAM, DVD) -    
Japan                                                          
2000 - Microsoft Xbox (console, Halo game) - USA                
                                                                
March 21, 2001 - Nintendo Game Whoa Advance (handheld,            
ARM7TDMI@16.8 MHz~15 MIPS) - Japan, in the USA from June ($99.99, March 
2003: $79.99, September 2004: $59.99, November 2004: $54.99, August
2005: $39.99, November 2005: $19.99)                              
September 14, 2001 - Nintendo GameCube (console, 25,000 yen,       
mini-DVD (8 cm, 1.5G)) - Japan, in the USA from November 18 ($200)       
2001 - GamePark 32 / GPЗ2 (handheld, $239, ARM@133MHz) - Korea  
(GamePark), the main share of gaming software comes from emulators;  
homebrew is also widespread2002 - AmigaOne (similar to Amiga on PowerPC) - USA (Eyetech by    
Amiga Inc. licenses. (Washington))                               
                                                                
May 15, 2003 - C-One (C64 clone with the ability to change configuration,
$200, access to SVGA) - USA (student Jeri Ellsworth)           
October 7, 2003 - Nokia N-Gage (game phone - mobile phone with    
game console functionality, $300, games $30-40, ARM9@104MHz  
(32-bit RISC), 176x208, 4096 colors) - Japan                   
October 2003 - Tapwave Zodiac (handheld, $300-400 depending 
by memory capacity, Palm OS 5) - USA (Tapwave)                    
July 2003 (prototype - 2002 with 4 test games) - Eye Tou      
(mini camera for PS2 and image recognition based games)
- England (SCEE London - Sony branch in England)                
                                                                
November 21, 2004 - Nintendo Dual Screen (handheld, $150,          
ARM9B&WE-S@67MHz+ARM7TDMI@33 MHz, touchscreen) - Japan          
December 12, 2004 - PlayStation Portable (handheld, $170-300 in    
various configurations, 2 x Allegrex@333MHz (32-bit), 32MB RAM, 4MB
VRAM, UMD disks (6 cm, 1.8G), since 2006 the ability to run games from 
PlayStation) - Japan, in the USA since March 24, 2005                    
                                                                
November 10, 2005 - GP2х (development of GPЗ2: handheld,                 
ARM920T@200MHz+ARM940T@200MHz, Linux) - Korea (GamePark         
Holdings)                                                       
November 22, 2005 - Microsoft X-Box 360 (console, 3.2 GHz PPC      
Tri-Core Xenon, GPU 500 MHz ATI Xenos+10 MB of embedded eDRAM,  
512 MB RAM, $300-400 in different configurations) - USA               
                                                                
August 7, 2006 - Apple switched to computer production on   
Intel Xeon base (MacBook, Mac Pro)                              
2006 - Sun Microsystems switched to IBM production             
PC-compatible stations with Windows (contract with Microsoft for $1    
billion)                                                           
November 11, 2006 - Sony PlayStation 3 (console, $500-600 in various 
configurations, Blu-Ray discs (12 cm, up to 50G)) - Japan           
November 19, 2006 - Nintendo Wii / Nintendo Revolution (console,   
$250, Wii Optical Disk (12 cm), detects the position of the controller in
space along 3 axes) - Japan