A car is a familiar and familiar thing to us. But few imagines that he could be completely different if no... Monopolies are enterprises that control a significant sector of any market, ideally this entire market. By controlling the market, a monopoly can, for its own benefit, assign your prices and your conditions. Small competitors are powerless against monopoly due to significantly smaller scale of production (a monopoly can produce more and therefore sell cheaper) and because of the long arm, which the monopoly is much more means to have in higher circles (legislators and courts). Yes and in the lower ones too (criminal groups). It seems that life is not sweet for monopolies, because there is a special legislation against them. But what can it do? A modern monopoly is several enterprises united agreement (cartels, syndicates, concerns, corporations, etc.). It is difficult to imagine a price at which one could drag a dozen agreed firms into court, each of which relatively small.The automotive industry is a collection of (conglomerate) of many industries: from metallurgy to cinema and sports. Various service departments, shops and, of course, factories both specializing in cutting screws and and assembly. Separately existing, but still extremely connected with cars oil production (and oil refining). Considering that in the USA alone, as Encarta writes, there are 30 million registered cars (almost 400 million in the world), and produced in the same USA (at least it was produced in 1970s) over 10 million pieces per year, then few can doubt that this is big business. Naturally, the question arises: does the 6 billion-year-old need humanity has 300 million (as of 1980 according to Encarta) PASSENGER cars? After all, half of the cars on the street (go out and look) are carrying one rider (100 kg compared to a ton of car weight) and travels only 10 km per trip, and more often on standard routes than on non-standard ones. Considering the inconveniences, experienced by the owner of the car (one garage is worth it, and also registration, texocmotp,maintenance...), first question gives rise to the second: “Why do people buy them at all?” A car is a matter of prestige. We can draw no other conclusion we can, seeing what gins, useless in the city, are bought Director, what high speeds (prohibited by the rules and not giving a noticeable gain at a 10-kilometer distance) squeeze foreign cars, as well as what bells and whistles they put on their Zhigulis with “Muscovites” are novice motorists; based on American films it’s clear that tuning is thriving there too, and people prefer old cars take it to a landfill. It is clear that fashion is not set by the consumer (he does not have broadcast information channels), and the manufacturer. The manufacturer wants to make more money and makes it by riveting and selling a lot of cars, spare parts and consumables. Passenger cars run on gasoline. Of course they can be diesel and digest crude oil (oil is cheaper, and efficiency for diesel engines it is higher, namely, according to the TSB, 31-44% versus 25-30%). The diesel engine appeared already in 1897 (for comparison - gasoline carburetorengine - in 1880) and has long conquered place in heavy transport. He's on his own, of course. a little heavy (from 3 kg/kW versus 1-4 kg/kW for conventional ones). But why Are diesel cars generally as rare as black crows? The technology did not stop at diesel. In 1957, the German Felix Wankel (Felix Wankel) invented the rotary internal engine combustion, in which in different places of the oval chamber simultaneously There are several stages of the work cycle. Such engines put on motor boats. They are 2-3 times the same power lighter than usual, as TSB writes. Encarta doesn't bypass the engine either Wankel with a good word: "Because of the Wankel engine`s compact size and consequent lesser weight as compared with the piston engine, it appeared then be an important option for automobiles. In addition, its mechanical simplicity provided low manufacturing costs, its cooling requirements were low, and its low center of gravity made it safer then drive". In a word, WHERE? TSB from the depths of its 70s writes: "Serial release engines are carried out in Germany, Japan, and the USA." But also to engines Wankel's luck didn't change! "A line of Wankel-engine cars was produced in Japan in the early 1970s, and several United States automobile manufacturersresearched the idea as well. However, production of the Wankel engine was discontinued as a result of its poor fuel economy and its high pollutant emissions." How They say there is always a reason! Okay, maybe electric cars that are efficient... unattainable for any heat engines (even if they are alcohol, even natural gas, even hydrogen - against Kapho theorem cannot be violated), they will replace our outdated carburetor and injection coffins? Here's what TSB writes about them: "The first in Russia the self-propelled carriage was battery-powered (I. Romanov, 1899). On For the first time, a speed of 100 km/h was achieved (K. Zhenatzi, France, 1898)". That is, the electric car pulled out carriages from internal combustion engines and in the 19th century, as early as batteries with an energy capacity of 20 Wh/kg. TSB tells us forecast: "Starting in the 60s. due to air pollution and increased noise from vehicles with internal combustion engines (ICE) E. are again becoming widespread in urban areas transport," (read: tram, trolleybus, metro) "what contribute to the low average daily mileage of vehicles in city (up to 100 km), speed limit up to 60 km/h and possibility of organizing a networkcharging stations for BA. Besides The energy capacity of batteries has increased to 50 Wh/kg, and prepared for mass production of nickel-zinc and other batteries even up to 100 Wh/kg. According to forecasts, by the end 20th century E. will take a leading place in the city abtotpahcnopte." Ah, naive TSB! Things never went further than electric bicycles. Although there was a commercial passenger electric vehicle on the market. Such unit (the size of a scooter) was released in January 1985 little-known English company Sinclair Vehicles Ltd. car was called C5. Already in April 1985 their import into Holland was banned, At the same time, the English Advertising Standards Commission began roll the cylinder onto SVL, at the same time the partners filed a lawsuit against SVL. SVL renamed TPD Ltd., and by inertia collected several more thousands of cars and... that's it. That date only 8,000 C5`s have been sold ... Six thousand C5`s are currently held in stock Sinclair Vehicles Crash 19: Sinclair Story What can automobiles do against?giants by this several thousand? http://www.hondamotor.ru/models/accord/a_im.shtml Honda EV Plus serial electric car. Riding it is not at all disappointed Not so long ago we told in Autoreview that Honda began serial production of electric vehicles. Remarkable here is that, unlike the mass of other electric cars, when based on a “regular” production car, the Honda EV from the very beginning it was developed precisely as an electric car. I sit down behind the wheel. So far - nothing special. Between the seats there is a lever, like on automatic transmissions. Instrument panel - in the form liquid crystal display, which has also been encountered more than once. I turn the key to the ignition position and the instruments come to life. Mechanically (and unsuccessfully) I try to turn it on to turn it on. starter and start the engine... But this is an electric car! Lever - in position D, and go! By God, if not for the amazing silence in interior, only slightly diluted by the rustle of tires and barely noticeable nocbuctom of an electric motor, then I would decide that I was driving a normal one a car with a gasoline engine with a volume of about one and a half liters.The power reserve of this fully-fledged car (both externally and the internal layout is very similar to the Fiat Punto) is 200 km, and the batteries allow up to 5000 charging cycles. http://www.vestnik.som/issues/2004/0915/win/index.htm Arkady SHVARTZ (Kirkland, Washington): again about hydrogen first production passenger electric car (created by General Motors) - EV1 only went on sale in 1997 and was sold only 689 copies. Also in 1997, it entered the market Japanese company released Honda EV PLUS electric car in California company. For a year leasing with payment of 450 dollars. sold out in a month only 300 cars. In 2002, several hundred electric vehicles collected General Motors, Honda, Nissan, Ford Motor, DaimlerChrysler. Mileage between two charges of most electric vehicles on sale, including Ford Think and GEM E825, did not exceed 100 miles. Work on the creation of electric vehicles were collapsed, and the accumulated experience was used to create machines with hybrid power plants that do not require recharging from external sources of electric current (Toyota Prius, etc.; "Vestnik" N1, 2004).http://100avto.ru/article-2.html Free parking and fuel - these are just two of the advantages owners of the Ford TN!NK electric car. Until today it was one significant drawback - electric cars could not be taken into for rent in the UK. But this drawback will soon will be overcome with the introduction of a new scheme: rent a Ford TN!NK available for only $475. http://vodila.net/sketch/218 Not long ago, abtonapk London police received Ford Think electric vehicles. Fully charging the battery takes 8 hours, and the power reserve is 85 km. After a test drive, the police found that such a car is unlikely to be used for a high-speed chase suitable, since its maximum speed is 90 km/h. However, This 'baby' is ideal for silent movement. For to maintain silence, these vehicles will not be equipped with sirens and flashing lights. Thus, London police have every chance for unexpected appearance in front of criminals in order to take them by surprise. And therefore there is no chasewill arise. http://podrobno.som.ua/technologies/2002/09/03/35321.html 03 September 2002 : 16:49 Roman Sokunov Ford abandons production of electric vehicles Analysts are confident that Ford's refusal to produce electric vehicles symbolize the death of this technology. Companies General Motors and Honda stopped production battery vehicles in 1999, concentrating all attention to the production of gasoline and hybrid electric-gasoline vehicles engines that are considered more popular among consumers. Now he has announced his intention to do the same "Ford". http://www.autogazeta.com/index.phtml?id=33935 Ford Motor Co. plans to sell 20,000 of its new ones in 2005 sports SUV Escape Hybrid with hybrid electric-gasoline engine, the American company said.The only promising promise: http://spbcar.ru/news/archive/2005/5/14/700 Mitsubishi Motors announces an electric car based on Mitsubishi Colt May 14, 2005 Reported by: Observer Mitsubishi Motors presented its new experimental development - an electric car built on based on the Mitsubishi Colt model. This new product, named Colt EV, noticeably different in design from the usual ones electric vehicles - it is equipped with four compact electric motors located in the wheel hubs. Similar the solution allows you to build an advanced all-wheel drive system - torque transmitted to each wheel in this case easy to control electronically and without complex all-wheel drive transmission. http://www.autostart.ru/archive/arch_news/2002-04-13.html Delhi: the first Indian electric car is presented to customers Indian electric car saw the lightspare parts manufacturer Maini. The cost of maintaining such a car will be much lower than the regular one, although the retail price will not be too high low. At a press conference, company representatives said, that it will be a car for two passengers, maximum speed 65 km/h (the car can travel 80 km on one charge), batteries enough for 40,000 km, cost about 5,200 dollars, operating costs are about 8 cents per 10 kilometers. For comparisons, maintenance of the smallest Indian car Maruti 800 with a 0.8 liter petrol engine, which is produced by Indian branch of Suzuki, costs 30 cents per 10 kilometers at a cost of 4,530 dollars. Maruti is now the most popular car in India and manufacturers of the new REVA electric car they hope that by March 2003 They will sell about 2000 cars. It seems that the larger the company, the smaller the batch it released electric vehicles. Why would this be? And Encarta's forecast was as follows:Although still a small industry in the early 1980s, electric saga production is expected then become significant if General Motors Corp. implements its plan then produce electric-powered commuter-tour cars in the mid-1980s. California, the American state with the most stringent automobile emissions standards, requires that electricity power 10 percent of the cars sold within the state in 2003. I have no doubt that under the guise of electric vehicles in the mentioned The above-mentioned “hybrid” vehicles are already roaming California cars, although they run on electricity, which is taken (if anyone doesn’t know) ...from a gasoline engine. So, to summarize: it’s a rare car giant that hasn’t released prototype of an electric car, none of the giants put it on flow (Renault only _offers_ installing an electric motor on standard carriage), and only from General Motors, as far as I know it is known that the development had a form factor different from the usual one thousand-kilogram cart.Why an electric car should be fundamentally different from gasoline jalopy? After all, it would seem that the engine makes up, by eye, no more than a quarter of the car’s mass? This is where we subtlety awaits. The fact is that the engine is heavy (gasoline is much heavier than electric, even if you count batteries) requires a strong frame, which itself weighs a lot. And the engine must be able to move and impart acceleration not only to yourself, but also to this frame. For example, I came across a statement that on some car model Replacing a metal roof with a plastic one reduced the weight of the car by a hundred kilograms. This does not mean that the roof itself weighs that much. - this means that by lightening the roof, we can at the same time save on the frame that held this roof. (Do not remove the roof completely always beneficial - there may be a loss from loss of rigidity, it will have to be compensated for by weighting in other places.) Now, knowing this subtlety, compare. Regular petrol the engine in a passenger car weighs more than a hundredweight, plus fuel tank and other gadgets. Passenger car (optimized over a hundred years by a bunch of large firms in a competitive fight) weighs a ton and carries half a ton of payload. Aelectric C5 (the brainchild of a one-year-old company, released at factory for the production of washing machines!) carries an adult a person who is 2 times heavier than C5 itself. At the same time, C5 is not moped! It has a windshield, sides (albeit low), and His seat has a backrest. Is an electric car profitable for oil tycoons? No, he it is not profitable for them. EXTREMELY unprofitable. They will crush any attempt replace the fleet of gasoline cars with electric ones. And they have strength for this there is. Many have probably noticed the appearance of new cars with CONSTANTLY ON, and VERY BRIGHT headlights. What does it mean? Questions helped to find out that in Ebponax this is not It's just fashion, but the law is that the light bulbs must always be on, as long as the engine is running. Who benefits from this? Drivers? No! if they there wasn't enough light, they would have turned it on themselves. Pedestrians? No! Rarely a pedestrian will disagree that these spotlights are simply lazy and do not help in any way to escape from the rushing hulk. Police? No! the burning headlights make it difficult to see the relatively dark room. Profitable this is only to those who sell energy and these same light bulbs. Let theyThey win very little from this, but they win something. Then, you see, some other more profitable law will be advanced. And the light bulbs have burned out and will continue to burn out. Non-burning for a long time It is not profitable to produce light bulbs. Although it is possible. In one of in the Guinness World Records collections I came across an indication of a light bulb, burning in some fire station since 1900. Alone Coder Over the past 10 years in Ryazan abtonapk has increased by 40%, accident rate - by 30%. Radio Ryazan July 4, 2007 Cars are swelling... At the time of its construction, a typical family automobile would be the Ford Model T, with a weight of about 1,500 lb (680 kg). <...> At the time of the collapse, a typical family automobile weighed about 4,000 lb (1,814 kg) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Bridge
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