Sinclair - America's Coverer.

 Ferdinand and Isabella, the ones who     
                  ordered Columbus to go and discover America...
                                                                
 Sinclair Lewis. Kingsblood, descendant of kings
                                                                
 P. Ramsey                            
 The extraordinary case of Friesland                
                                                                
 [1] . It is located in the permafrost zone, but not like that  
far into the Arctic, like Iceland. Longest day in      
midsummer it's about 20 o'clock and yet the soil is so cold 
and barren, that neither grain nor other grains will be born on it      
fruits of the earth, and the population lives mainly on fish. Fish  
also the only product that can interest merchants.Ee are caught off these coasts in such abundance that the island is constantly  
Visited by Hanseatic people, Scots, Dutch, Danes and English.   
The British frequented it there so often in past years that people began to    
call this island West England. It's a little small in size    
larger than Iceland, but due to the fact that the climate there is very harsh and  
due to other disadvantages mentioned above, it is sparsely populated.       
The main city of this island is called Friesland, named after       
islands. It is located on the eastern shore. Besides him, on     
other settlements are also shown on the map, but they do not represent       
of particular interest. To the west of Friesland, as we are told    
Ziegler (and after him Magini) [2] , there is a smaller    
sized island called Ikaria. He gave his name to the sea, which
washes him. It is named as such (by mistake of the author or in accordance with 
with legend) named Icarus, son of the Scottish king Daedalus,    
who once (but no one knows when exactly) ruled these 
islands>.                                                     
_____________                                                   
[1] Coastal strip in Germany near the North Sea and the Netherlands, 
inhabited by Frisians.                                             
[2] Majini is GiovanniAntonio Magini, mathematician who  
in 1596 he published a new edition of the works of Ptolemy with  
new cards. Ziegler - apparently Jacob Ziegler, who in    
1536 published an intricate map of the North Atlantic, on   
which, however, did not designate these islands. Haylin,        
obviously made a mistake here.                                
                                                                
This message appeared in "Cosmography" by Peter Heylin, published
in 1659. It gives the impression of being conscientiously brief
descriptions of physical and economic geography are quite          
a remote but thoroughly explored corner of the earth, an island, 
about which in the mentioned note it is said that he . The spelling of the word  Heylin changes  
in a way that fits his explanation of it   
names: on the maps of that time it was written Friesland, Frisland 
or Frislandia. But if we leave aside the spelling of the word, then  
the description of the island he gives seems quite detailed,    
believable and completely unlegendary. However, the problem      
is that such an island does not exist.                
                                                                
Now the question arises: could he have gone under water? Answer,must certainly be negative. And that's not the point at all  
that immersing the islands in the sea is impossible. It is known that  
many of them disappeared in the volcanic region of Icelandic waters, but 
an island with this characteristic - large, populated, with         
several cities, participating in world trade, constantly 
frequented by European courts and especially well known in    
England - couldn't just disappear, as if he had hidden 
at that moment when everyone closed their eyes. A disaster of this kind   
would go down in history, eclipsing the tragedy of Pomnea and Lisbon, and the word 
 would be in common use today, not    
would represent a geographical mystery.                         
                                                                
But if this island existed only in the imagination of those who 
came up with, then a difficult question arises. What   
Eldorado was invented, which attracted attention         
cbepkahuem of gold, or the tempting Southern Continent, quite       
understandable. But why was it necessary to invent a prosaic northern island,
inhabited by fishmongers?                                    
                                                                
This story began with the publication of a small volume with     
very long title: "Discovery of the islands of Friesland,Estland, Engroenland, Estotiland and Ikaria, made by two
brothers Zeno, Nicolo and Antonio, with a map of the indicated 
islands>. This happened in Venice in 1558. Author (or      
co-author, or editor, it is unknown which is more correct) did not identify himself,  
but it was established that it was Nicolo Zeno from the same         
famous Venetian family, like the two brothers mentioned,    
member of the Council of Ten that governed the Venetian Republic. This  
the story would be much easier to unravel if it weren't for       
involved two people named Nicolo Zeno. For clarity we  
we will distinguish between Nikolo I, a sea explorer who lived in the 14th century         
century, and Nicolò II, who published this book, lived in the XVI 
century and gave the world not only a whole collection            
geographical myths, but also one of the most mysterious and           
mysterious documents in all travel literature.      
                                                                
In the 16th and early 17th centuries, the Book of Zeno was perceived as     
fiction. Later, geographers began to have doubts. Richard  
Henry Major, a great expert in the history of geography, made in 1873  
year the English translation of this book, citing convincing        
evidence of its authenticity. His presentation is complicated        
a priori assumptions and roundabout reasoning, but heactually managed to establish several significant         
provisions. In 1898, another Englishman, Frederick Lucas, again
studied Zeno's narrative mainly for the purpose of criticizing the book
Major. American William H. Babcock in 1922 cautiously     
took an intermediate position. Another American, Frederic Pohl,
In 1951, he decisively came out in his research to defend    
both Zenos, using the latest data for their evidence 
science [3] . Then in 1954 an archaeological survey was made      
a discovery that seemed to finally put doubts to rest   
all supporters of the authenticity of the "Book of Zeno", since under         
the facts described in it were summed up in reality. But about that  
we will talk further. Zeno's narrative needs to be considered  
a little more detail. Fortunately, it is quite short and        
allows you to do this.                                          
_____________                                                   
[3] I completely disagree with Frederic Pohl's theory that     
that Friesland is the island of Fair Isle from the group      
Orkney Islands, since linguistic data contradict    
this theory. The name Fer Island may take the form Ferland or
Feroe, but not Friesland. Also so tinythe island simply could not become the scene of the events described here.  
                                                                
An editorial note at the end of Nicolo II's book admits that, 
while still a small boy, he tore some old      
family documents. Later he learned about their contents and         
tried to make amends. Having collected everything that was left, he     
I tried to present them as coherently and conscientiously as possible   
content. The result was patchwork, in places          
incoherent, often dubious, but very tempting              
narration.                                                  
                                                                
It tells how Nicolo Zeno I went to     
sailing around 1390 to see the world, but on the way 
to England the wind changed his course and he crashed off       
strange northern shore. He was in danger of being attacked    
pirates, but he was saved by the ruler of the country, with whom he could      
explain yourself in Latin. In his narrative Nicolo II 
called the country he ended up in Friesland, and the prince, ee    
ruler, - with the vague name . Being an experienced sailor,
he made a favorable impression on the ruler and was        
appointed commander of the fleet. The purpose of thisthe fleet was to be conquered  
Friesland, which apparently rebelled against the rule        
Dzikhmni.                                                        
                                                                
Before continuing the story, it should be mentioned that this       
Friesland, or Friesland, is easy to identify. This is the Faroe Islands
which in the Middle Ages were called Norse Faeroisland and were considered
a single landmass (in reality, these islands are separated   
from each other by very narrow straits). Later Friesland, oh 
which the myth tells, so far unplaced on the map,     
poses other problems to which we will return, but
There is nothing mysterious in this land where Nicolo landed.    
                                                                
It is also not difficult to determine who this Dzikhmni was. Johann         
Reingold Forster, participant in one of the round-the-world voyages     
James Cook, in 1784, first suggested that under the name    
Dzikhmni may have been hiding Henry Sinclair, Earl of Opkhu. He expressed   
this is an assumption on the grounds that Count Opkhu was then    
the only ruling prince in these waters. However, most   
researchers were stumped when comparing names       
Dzikhmni and Sinclair. Some have suggested that this 
there was a pirate leader named Sigmund, whose brothersZeno       
were given the royal title to justify their accession to  
his gang. But no proof of reality           
the existence of this Sigmund was never discovered.          
                                                                
Paleography provides the answer to this riddle. Introduction at the end of XV -    
at the beginning of the 16th century "elegant Italian writing" produced       
revolutionized European calligraphy, making it difficult to understand        
medieval letter to those who are accustomed to the already accepted new    
style. The medieval capital S looked like the letter    
which we are already accustomed to perceive as Z. Besides the name Sinclair 
was probably written without the letter n and with a tilde (dash) above
i to indicate a nasal sound after a vowel (this is  
the abbreviation was common in medieval writing and is still  
sometimes used in Portuguese, for example when writing a name   
Joro). If this is how the name Ziclair was designated, then you can easily   
imagine as if writing hastily or carelessly          
the result was a scribble like Zichnmi.                              
                                                                
Thus, Henry Sinclair was hiding under the name Dzikhmni,      
Scottish landowner, whom the Norwegian king in 1379    
made Count of Opkhu.Dzikhmni (we will now call him Sinclair) implemented       
subjugation of the Faroe Islands on land, while Zeno     
conducted naval operations. The description gives a lot              
geographical names, some of which are easy to recognize,      
others are difficult. But this shouldn't bother us. What matters is that      
Nicolò I's description of the Faroe Islands complements the description
Heylin, with whom this chapter begins, the following important    
details: the capital is named Friesland, after the island,         
The country's economy is based on fishing, it has       
permanent trade and economic ties with European        
peoples, including England. Information about the longest day
there does not exceed 20 hours, do not come from Zeno, but are      
the result of simple mathematical calculations that could      
produce any geographer, Heylin's contemporary, if he knew     
location of the country on the map.                                 
                                                                
Nicolo Zeno I, although accustomed to the mild climate of the Mediterranean,
found that adventures in northern waters matched his       
nature, and wrote a letter to his younger brother Antonio with        
an invitation to join him. Antonio agreed and arrived 
there in 1392.With the help of two Venetian adventurers, Sinclair decided 
subdue the Shetland Islands, which are in the      
are called Estland. (Even with a quick glance at the map you can   
see that the Shetland Islands are located significantly        
east of both Orkney and the Faroe Islands.)                   
                                                                
The brothers discovered that they had been erected against them on the islands.         
fortifications, and put a lot of work into taking possession of them. In    
During the siege, the Norwegian king sent a fleet against them, but it was 
destroyed by a storm.                                              
                                                                
This event was clung to by everyone who believed the           
distortion of the truth. They were based on the fact that the Norwegian   
there was no reason for the king to interfere with Sinclair's invasion of Shetland  
the islands which were a legitimate part of his dominions, and that Sinclair did not  
could fight with Norway, since this would automatically deprive him
rank of count. Moreover, no such naval action
recorded in the history of Norway, and no king at this time in 
Norway did not exist, since sovereign power belonged to        
Queen Margaret.Richard Henry Major suggested that an invasion had been launched     
a certain Malice Cneppom, a rival of Sinclair, who laid claim to   
Opkhu County and then retreated to Norway, and that Zeno II
knew only that the ships came from Norway, and made    
This is the wrong conclusion. But this does not explain the statement,     
made by him on the previous pages, as if Sinclair had won 
victory over the king of Norway a year before he          
Nicolo I joined. One could excuse Nicolo II on that 
on the basis that he was dealing with fragmentary material and therefore 
was mistaken in his conclusions, but this is not an argument, and it must be admitted    
what if there weren't archaeological confirmation of what we're talking about?  
goes lower, such an objection could play a fatal role
when establishing the authenticity of the entire document.                   
                                                                
But let's return to the story. Having finished the conquest          
Shetland Islands, Sinclair returned to Friesland, leaving
Nicolò I, ruler of the conquered capital (Lerwick, present        
capital, appeared only in the 17th century). But Nikolo I got bored     
inaction, the desire to see the world was awakened in him again. He     
sailed northwest and reached Engroenland(Greenland),      
an area about which Europeans at that time had only a vague idea       
representation as a distant outpost of the Christian world.   
The ancient Scandinavian settlement in Greenland at that time survived
his last days, but Nicolo I tells what he discovered there 
Franciscan monastery, built in the immediate vicinity        
proximity to the volcano. In this monastery there is water for cooking    
food and heating were obtained from nearby hot springs. B  
Zeno's story also describes in detail Eskimo kayaks and       
it is mentioned that he allegedly discovered some kind of river. But     
It is now impossible to determine which river this is. After         
returning to Friesland due to the unusually cold climate in  
In 1396, Nikolo I dies, apparently from nhebmohuu.          
                                                                
Here for the first time what seemed historical in Zeno's story     
unlike, is significantly confirmed by archaeological data. B  
1920s in three different places in Greenland during        
archaeological excavations found dwellings with pipes,  
installed to pump water from nearby hot spots      
sources. At first they were attributed to the Scandinavians, but it turned out   
that the plan of these dwellings is completely different from the Scandinavian and     
rather resembles the arrangement of Irish dwellings Xcentury. Zeno   
reported that monks come to this monastery from Norway and from 
Sweden, but mainly from the Shetland Islands, where the Irish 
By the 9th century they had created their own religious communities. You can probably 
get too carried away with the interpretation of these descriptions and invest in them      
subjective meaning, but what is the art of laying          
water pipelines and the use of hot springs were known and  
was already practiced in the early history of Greenland,          
most definitely.                                         
                                                                
As for the monastery itself, there is one thing that is not very         
convincing evidence to support Zeno's story. Ivar
Bardsen, a native of Greenland, who gave a description of this island for  
several years before Nikolo I, mentions a monastery in the south         
Greenland, however, not about Franciscan, but about Augustinian.      
Perhaps Bardsen was right in defining the monastic order, and  
Zeno was wrong. The location of the monastery has not yet been discovered, but
it is likely that he was in the vicinity of enuckonctba     
Gardar, which is known to have been located in the southern         
Greenland.                                                     
                                                                
Here we have reached the point in our story,which     
attracted the attention of historians. Antonio Zeno,              
inherited the post of fleet commander from his brother Nicolo, 
wrote a letter to another brother in Venice, in which he outlined a whole 
story.                                                        
                                                                
Somewhere on the islands an old sailor suddenly appeared. His        
immediately brought to Sinclair so that he could repeat that interesting
a story that he told others. He reported the following:      
twenty-six years ago (about 1370) he was one of      
members of the crew of the ship, which was driven by the wind across the Atlantic near   
thousands of miles and finally landed on the island. The sailor named this island
Estotilandia. The inhabitants of the island were apparently from    
Europe. They mastered all crafts; they had a big one
city, a lot of gold, and the king has a lot of Latin books, but the people  
I have already forgotten how to read Latin. They traded with Greenland    
buying furs, sulfur and tar from her, they grew grain and cooked    
beer, Five years later, the sailors were equipped to sail south to the neighboring    
a country called Drodjo. There they were captured by cannibals, and       
most of them were eaten. The narrator is the only survivor       
because he taught savages to fish using nets. He became
such an important person for them that the neighboring tribe tried     
capture him. And this happened repeatedly. In Drodzho he 
spent thirteen years and changed hands twenty-five times    
hands. He said that the people he had to live with     
hunt with wooden spears, pointed at the end, andsuffer greatly from the cold because they are too stupid or         
ignorant and do not realize to cover themselves with the skins of animals that
kill. During his travels he heard that further south  
there is a land with a warmer climate where the inhabitants build cities and  
temples, use gold and silver and bring human      
sacrifices to their idols.                                            
                                                                
Finally he managed to escape and with friendly help             
leaders who were favorable to him, whom he had previously served, he       
returned to Drodzho, off the coast of which a ship picked him up,  
bringing him back to Estotiland. There he himself became         
a prosperous merchant and was eventually able to buy his           
own ship and return to Friesland. In   
it is said that "the sailors did not doubt him at all     
narration, since they were experienced and had seen a lot themselves 
unusual>. Sinclair immediately decided to organize an expedition for
searching for this seductive country.                            
                                                                
This is where the incredible thing begins. Nikolo II,           
undoubtedly believed that the country of Estotilandia was located         
east coast of North America - in an area without anygold and without any mountains from which four rivers flow.       
The indigenous Indian population of this area were not cannibals,  
they have been catching fish with nets since time immemorial and, no doubt,   
knew what clothes were. Moreover, it is difficult to imagine      
uneducated sailors speaking Latin. It's possible that      
there was some kind of international maritime jargon that    
colloquially called Latin. However, the same word is used 
in relation to the king's Latin books, and here it cannot     
mean nothing but genuine Latin. What sailors don't       
understood the language of the inhabitants of Estotiland, makes it untenable     
assumption about its Scandinavian origin, since        
Old Norse was the common language in          
Orkney and Shetland Islands; it is still in use  
in the Faroe Islands, and sailors would certainly recognize him.     
The southern country where human sacrifices were made is very        
reminiscent of Mekcuky of the Aztecs, and Nicolo II, who lived after Kopteca,  
perhaps he simply inappropriately expanded his narrative,     
adding the latest episode. Who are these beer drinking residents?     
Estotiland, impossible to determine. To explain them         
existence (in addition to the theory of Scandinavian colonization),
some historians have hypothesized early colonization      
AmericaIrish.                                             
                                                                
In essence, all this confusion does not matter. What I spun  
sailor in order to impress the ruler-count and what to
the same was recorded from third or fourth hands, has no    
the value of the testimony to be accepted 
into account. Many defenders of the "Book of Zeno" have done       
mistake, trying to justify every word of this document, and     
failed. The only important thing is that the sailor's story sparked    
Sinclair and encouraged him to travel west. That one is also important   
the fact that in his description of Drodjo the sailor characterizes him as   
. This was the first   
recorded use of the term  [4].        
_____________                                                   
[4] In this case, the author clearly makes an inaccuracy, since in  
In the sailor's story, the words "new world" are used only in the meaning
. For the first time the concept of "New World" is so 
how it is currently used was introduced by Amepuro Vesnucci.-
Note. ed.                                                      
But let's return to the "Book of Zeno". Sinclair with Antonio          
commander of the fleet, went on a journey to find  
this unfamiliar land. A terrifying storm scattered and drowned many
ships, but the ship on which Sinclair and Zeno sailed miraculously    
survived and reached the land, the inhabitants of which were ready with weapons
hands to prevent strangers from landing on land. Sinclair succeeded  
convince them that he has no intention of invading the country, and he 
they said that this country is called Ikaria (see excerpt from   
Heilina at the beginning of this chapter). After this they sailed for ten days 
- six of them were directly west, and four fought with              
unfavorable southwest wind - and finally approached the ground,
.                                                       
                                                                
They soon found a good harbor, landed, and the hungry   
the team ate their fill of bird eggs. They named this harbor Trin 
(Trin). . In the depths of the island there was         
expedition has been sent. Returning, she reported a smoking  
grief from which resinous springs flow, and about those who inhabit   
the surrounding area by savages living in caves.Wealth      
countries and their mild climate attracted Sinclair, and he decided        
stay here and start a colony. It almost led to a riot 
since most of the people who came with him wanted to be in time        
return home before winter sets in. Sinclair, with whom,        
obviously it was not difficult to come to an agreement, I agreed with them           
requirements. He found volunteers who agreed to stay with   
him on the new land, and the rest under the command of Antonio Zeno 
sent home ("Against my will," says Antonio, who   
wanted to stay). Here the story ends, except   
another fragment saying that Sinclair stayed  
on the land he discovered, and also explored both shores of Greenland. 
                                                                
One can only guess what happened next. Sinclair, 
apparently returned to Friesland from his overseas colony, 
since it is known that he was killed in battle while defending his  
counties in 1400 or 1401. Antonio Zeno wanted to return to  
Venice, but despite his fervent requests, Sinclair did not        
let him go because he valued his services too much. However          
there is a record that he died in Venice around 1405 
year, therefore he must have returned there after his death
Sinclair. It is possible that he described in detail all hisadventures,
since Nikolo II vaguely refers to  as one of      
documents that he tore up in his childhood.                 
                                                                
American scientist Frederic Pohl believes he can indicate   
when and where Sinclair landed in America. On the ee east coast
There are only three resinous springs, and they, if       
set on fire by lightning, could create the impression of a “smoking mountain”.    
One of these sources is in Venezuela, the other is in Trinidad (this is 
obviously too far to the south), the third is close        
Stellarton, Nova Scotia, and is easily accessible  
would be reached as a result of such a journey as          
the above.                                                  
                                                                
In the old days there was a custom to name newly discovered places in    
honor of the day when the discovery was made and Paul beat   
the word Trin, considering that in the original it could have been the word Trinity
(trinity) and that it was shortened due to poor condition            
original manuscript. It indicates that this is the title   
a harbor was given , and according to the calendar of that
Sunday with Trinity Sunday fell on June 2   
1398. Since this date is completely consistent with othersdates mentioned in the Book of Zeno, Paul expressed       
speculation that this is the exact date of Sinclair's landing on shore.   
                                                                
Zeno's narrative, very intricate and full of incredible     
events is quite doubtful if assessed from the point of view     
view of the factual material contained in it, and therefore from  
century after century it was either rejected or simply accepted on faith. But
about ten years ago, data appeared that forced      
treat this document with great confidence.                 
                                                                
Near Westford, Massachusetts, there is a large rock with          
with a design carved on it, which until 1954 was mistaken for   
sketch of a human figure made by Indians.              
Amateur archaeologist Frank Glin found this image      
more like a sword presumably Scandinavian           
origin. Glyn sent a copy of the drawing to Thomas in England      
Lethbridge, curator of the Museum of Archeology and Ethnography in Cambridge. 
Lethbridge confirmed that it was indeed a sword, from the looks of it,   
dating back to the 14th century, and asked to send additional        
information.                                                       
                                                                
Glynremoved the vegetation that covered most of the rock, and  
thoroughly cleaned its surface. A carved figure was discovered
six feet tall in full knightly regalia. Right hand   
knight rested on the hilt of the sword mentioned above, and
in his left he held a shield with a coat of arms. Part of the image has been erased, but  
English heraldry experts to whom Lethbridge turned 
for consultation, it was determined that the shield, without a doubt,     
belongs to the Sinclairs from Scotland. Closer Study   
figure showed that it was cut not with a modern chisel, but         
pressed into the rock using the tool they used 
medieval gunsmiths.                                       
                                                                
In 1960, an unjustified attempt was made to pass this off       
image for an Indian work. But she can't stand it    
critics. So far no one has suspected a hoax in it,       
concocted by some Scotsman of a later time.    
Most likely, in the days of chain mail and heraldry, someone     
penetrated into the territory of present-day Massachusetts and left the memory of  
during your visit in the form of a figure that attracts attention    
feature - Sinclair's weapons. Besides we have       
historical description, brief but plausible, talking about  
visitingSinclair of these places. Zeno's narrative, whatever it is
Although it was doubtful, it seems, in general, to be confirmed.     
                                                                
The history of "The Book of Zeno" took us far away from Friesland. 
The geographical mystery remains unresolved: how could        
the well-known Faroe Islands will turn into non-existent 
island southwest of Iceland, as shown on the map,     
attached to the "Book", and on other maps of that time?         
                                                                
A partial answer to this question is provided by the fact that in             
medieval England, as in the rest of Europe, Iceland was   
It is best known for its fishing industries. There are quite a few
evidence that the British called Iceland Fish-Land   
(Fish Country) and that this name has become widespread.   
Columbus's illegitimate son Fernando described a visit to him  
father of Iceland in 1477 (he called ee , meaning  
Ultima Thule) and quoted from the records of the great             
traveler that <"Tyle">, ynomuhaemoe by Ptolemy,     
is located where he indicated, and contemporaries call it        
Friesland>. This was written eighty years before  
 appeared. Spanish map circa 1480     
callsIceland , and the anonymous map approx.
1508, located in the British Museum, calls ee          
. Then fifty years later Zeno appeared on the map
the name , denoting this time not Iceland, but ee  
southern companion.                                                 
                                                                
This map was prepared by Zeno II based on an older one 
the original, preserved among the surviving family documents, and
he said about this map: “Although it has been damaged for centuries, I         
I used it quite successfully. The old map was obviously
so worn out that it required significant restoration with   
using other, later maps. In  no         
mentions of Iceland (except for the misspelling    
words ), but on the original map it is undoubtedly  
shown. Nicolò II would willingly give it a more modern name,
but misled by two names (Iceland and            
Friesland), referring to the same island, he made 
what many geographers of his time did. He's just           
suggested that there are two islands corresponding to two   
different names. It is possible that he was completely unaware of         
existence of the distant Faroe Islands and considered it self-evident  
it goes without saying thatthe more famous island of Fischland - Fisland -
Friesland was precisely the stage on which the  
adventures of his ancestors. At least one thing is certain: he is not 
thought about the meaning of the words Freeze-land (Frozen land), since    
in Italian the word "freeze" sounds completely different -       
gelare.                                                         
                                                                
It remains to explain one detail mentioned by Heylin. Zeno is nowhere
does not mean that Friesland is known as         
. But the Arctic journey of Martin Frobisher 
1577-1578 allows us to give an explanation for this. Frobisher       
landed on a gloomy shore unfamiliar to him, perhaps in the southern    
Greenland, which he mistook for an uninhabited part of Friesland, and
declared this place the property of the Queen of England, giving it   
name . Heylin's explanation of this name  
unreliable, as is his attempt to explain the name itself         
.                                                   
                                                                
As far as I am able to determine, this is the only case  
Frobisher's statement that he actually landed on
Friesland.Another mention of her by another traveler in the North   
Atlantic, which I could find is a recording of James Hall,       
an English pilot in the service of Denmark, who 
1606 mentioned a strong southwest current <: which, like
I thought it ran between Buss Island (more on that later) and         
Friesland>.                                                   
                                                                
There is no need to talk in detail about all the disagreements,    
which Friesland in various spellings of this name        
endured on maps throughout the century. This mythical    
island, could be seen on any map of the world between   
1558 and 1660. It changes its size and shape, it      
They are located either directly south of Iceland, or (more often) to the southwest. 
The myth of Eldorado gradually faded away, the myth of Friesland      
evaporated in an instant. By the end of the 17th century, Friesland had disappeared from
all maps, except those whose authors showed scrupulous     
conservatism. In Peter Heylin's "Cosmography" of 1701,     
published many years after his death, it is given this  
the same description of Friesland, as in earlier editions, but to it
Attached is a contradictory note which states the following:
.                                       
                                                                
But any map drawn up at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries should   
was to take into account the existence of not only the island of Friesland, but   
also such a territory somewhere on the Atlantic coast      
North America, which could be identified with             
Estotilandia. Several explanations have been proposed regarding 
origin of this name: East-Out-Land, Estofiland, Estland
(name appearing in Zeno's narrative for           
designations of the Shetland Islands) and Escociland, or Escotiland  
(Scotland), used by those who trusted     
the story of an old sailor.                                       
                                                                
My own guess is that in the original    
Nicolò II had the word Estofiland and that the word that sailor
used to designate this land, in fact there was something  
like Stockfish Land (land of dried fish). There is evidence that  
that fishermen have known for a very long time a place called   
, where cod is caught well, and there was also         
known, but poorly, the region of the Western Atlantic, called      
Stockfish Land. On the map of Andrea Bianco1436 marked      
the island of Isia de Stockafixa, almost exactly corresponding          
coordinates of Newfoundland and possibly identical to it. That one    
the fact that the supposed narrator was a fisherman makes it so   
interpretation of Estotiland is probable.                              
                                                                
Regardless of what Estotiland was and where it was        
located, it completely disappears from maps of the late 17th century. K   
at that time the entire eastern part of the American coast was   
explored and largely ocboeha, but not a single          
territory that the locals would call a word similar to  
in , and no trace of anything resembling a city  
or the previously described area was not found. All areas   
coasts now bore the names given to them by Europeans, and the word
 could no longer serve to designate        
any territory.                                          
                                                                
Ortelius' world map of 1590 reflected the whole history not only
Friesland and Estotiland - the latter is depicted as huge   
an island reminiscent of Greenland, only smaller in size, in     
area where Labrador and Quebec actually are - but
and Drodge, shown as a prettysmall island to     
southeast of Estotiland and southwest of Friesland,       
approximately equal distance from both. What        
a shipwrecked man described as a large      
country and , then inexplicably decreased to   
an insignificant island. But the name "Droggio" never caught on.  
cartography. Unlike civilized, as then             
assumed that the country of Estotiland Drodjo was a land of savages with   
barbaric name; places of this kind                     
The European discoverers did not rename them at random.          
                                                                
For some reason unknown to us, Ortelius did not place on his map   
Ikaria. This land visited by a hurricane knocked off course     
Sinclair's expedition was undoubtedly either County Kerry's   
Ireland, or the islands of St. Kilda from the Outer Hebrides 
islands. However, on many maps of that time in the northern part 
The new island of Ikaria sometimes appeared in the Atlantic. His disappearance
preceded the disappearance of Friesland. Experienced sailors knew   
that the sea in these places was actually not so dotted         
islands, as the maps showed, so something was needed 
remove. The use of plots from Greek myths in these latitudes,   
such as the story of the King of ScotlandDedale>, it was        
an overt attempt to explain in some way the absurd       
the name Ikaria, undoubtedly belonging to Nicolò II.            
                                                                
As for Engroenland, or Greenland, it is a very long
and a complicated story. We will postpone this until the ninth chapter.           
                                                                
And now a little irony. It seems very possible that   
there really was an island in the place that was      
defined as the location of Friesland, and that it             
actually went underwater. Upon Frobisher's return from       
Greenland during his voyage in 1578 at approximately 57    
north latitude in the field of view of one of his ships, the vessel     
, hit a big island. Obviously the ship didn't fit
to the island, the crew observed it from the sea, and descriptions of the island     
diverge. To some it seemed wooded and fertile, to others - 
gloomy and frozen. The island was named Buss after the type          
ship [5] .                                                   
_____________                                                   
[5] Buss is a strong fishing vessel of Dutch design.    
The next evidence of sighting of this island comes from  
from the previously mentioned James Hall; it happened during his   
travel to Greenland in 1606. He reported what he saw     
island, but the ice prevented us from landing on it. Messages about the island  
was not until 1668, when Captain Gillam mentions a meeting 
with him on the way to Hudson Bay. Three years later, a certain    
Thomas Shenerd, returning from the voyage, began to say that 
he explored this island. He presented a detailed map, on    
which marked many geographical objects. However   
there is enough reason to consider Shenerd a notorious liar.
                                                                
No one else reported seeing the island. On the world map  
Nikolai Visher, which dates back to approximately the time of his life     
Shenerda, it is not marked. On a Dutch navigation chart    
1745 indicates the sunken island of Buss, and speaks out        
speculation that this may have been Friesland. Later, on
throughout the 18th century,             
was perceived as a dangerous place for seafarers           
southeast of Greenland and accordingly was noted on sea
mapsThen a couple of plausible messages appear. Captain Richard  
Pickersgil on his way from England to Hudson Bay in 1776 did 
numbers in the place where Buss' location was indicated, and   
found shallows. And in 1818, Arctic explorer John Ross also 
carried out measurements at this place and found significant         
lowering the bottom compared to the previous forty years.         
                                                                
This is a pure coincidence and has nothing to do with the myth of       
Friesland. However, it seems very likely that Nicolo  
Zeno II placed his imaginary island at or near that location
the place which the real island occupied at that time, and that  
this real island already began to sink under water as  
as if in order not to contradict everything         
the nature and course of events.                                     
                                                                
 Source:                                                    
P. Ramsey. Discoveries that never happened.                   
Per. G. M. Ulitskaya, ed. A. I. Solovyova. M., Progress, 1977.
Chapter 3: The Extraordinary Case of Friesland                       
   American edition:Raymond N. Ramsay. No longer op the Mar.                        
Discovering places that never were. NY, 72.                     
                                                                
                  Help on Opkhu rulers                  
  (Orkney and Shetland Islands)                
                                                                
 1) Scandinavian jarls (872 - 1379)                
                                                                
1. Ketil Flatneh (c. 872 - 74).                               
2. Sigurd the Strong (c. 874 - 92)*                               
3. Guttorm, son (892 - 93)*                                     
4. Torf-Einar (893 - ca. 910).                                  
5. Arnkel, son (ca. 910 - 47)*                                 
   Erlend I, brother (rep. ca. 910 - 54)*                         
6. Thorfinn the Skullbreaker, son (c. 947 - 77).           
7. Arnfinn (977 - 79).                                          
8. Havard (979 - 81, matched with 977)*                              
9. Einar (981)*                                                 
10. Skuli (981 -84)*                                           
   Lyot, brother (comp. 981 - 84)*                                 
11. Xlyodvir, son 6 (984 - 87).                                  
12. Sigurd Digre (Fat), son of (987 - 1014)*                   
13. Sumarlidi (Somerled), son of (c. 1014 - 20).                  
   Brusi, brother (supr. 1014 - 30)*                               
   Einar, brother (comp. 1014 - 18)*                               
14. Thorfinn, brother (c. 1020 - 64, cf. 1014).                
   Pögnwald, son (cf. 1038 - 46)*                            
15. Pal I, son (1064 - 98, d. 1099).                          
16. Erland II, son (1098 - 1103).                               
17. Xokoh, brother (1103 - 22).                                    
18. Xarald I Slettmole, son of (1122 - 36).                       
   Pal II Umalgi (Silent), brother (supr. 1122 - 36).        
19. Erland III, son (1136 - 56, corresponds to 1127).                  
   Edmund, brother (supr. 1136 - 56).                              
   Pögnwald Kolsson, cousin (supr. 1136 - 58).                  
20. Xarald II Eriksson Ungi (1158 - 98)*                       
21. Xarald III Matadsson (1198 - 1206).                        
22. David, son of (1206 - 14).                                     
23. John (Yown) I, brother (1214 - 31, cf. 1206).              
24. Magnus II, Count of Angus(1231 - 39).                          
25. Gilbert, brother (1239 - 56).                                  
26. Magnus III, son (1256 - 75).                                
27. Magnus IV, son (1276 - 84).                                 
28. John II, brother (1284 - 1312).                                
29. Magnus V, Earl of Aengus (1312 - 29).                           
30. Malice, Earl of Strathern (1329 - 53).                           
31. Eingisl Cyheccoh (1353 - 57/9, d. 1392).                  
32. Alexander de Lard (1360 - 63)*                              
                                                                
     2) Counts of Opkhu (until 1468 vassals of Norway) (1363 - 1737)    
                                                                
1. Henry Sinclair, grandson 26 (1363 - 1402)*                        
2. Henry, Earl of Caithness, son (1402 - 20).                       
3. William, son (1420 - 79, Earl of Caithness from 1455).               
   Thomas Tulloch, Bishop of Opkhu (reg. 1418 - 22).                
   David Meiner (reg. 1422 - 26).                               
4. James Hanburn, Earl of Bothwell (1567, d. 1578).               
5. Robert Stewart, illegal. son of James V (1581 - 93).           
6. Patrick Stewart, son (1593 - 1615)*                            
7. George Hamilton (1696 - 1737).  
V. Erlichman. Rulers of the world.                                    
Chronological and genealogical tables on world history   
in 4 vols.