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║Section:At your leisure; ║
║Article: News and a little history; ║
║Music:CONT; ║
║Text: V. Alexander, B. Stanislav. ║
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Six months after the release of Win-
dows 95 microsoft has finally released on
14 Service Pack discs - addition to
Windows 95 system, including new
device drivers, software and administration tools
nistrations previously available only
on the Microsoft server. Included in the package
included numerous system programs
with bugs corrected. Micro-company
soft delicately avoids the new package of up-
grade, apparently, so as not to create
rumors that the original version of Win-
Dows 95 was far from perfect.Service
Pack fixes most of the noticed-
defects, including a puncture in
peer-to-peer network security system
NetWare; predictable network caching
password; error in Office 95, leading to
for inclusion in files of fragments of other
other files deleted earlier; file truncation
catch when they are accidentally copied onto
yourself.
The Service Pack also includes the following:
current software products: Microsoft
Internet Explorer 2.0, Microsoft Service
for NetWare Directory Services,SLIP/dial
upScripting (a means of writing a scene-
access to the Internet).
Microsoft Select TechNet customers and
Microsoft Developer Network Service Pack
will be sent automatically, the rest -
you can download this pa-
Internet connection from Microsoft servers or
order for $14.95.
Not long ago, Apple pleased us
the first servers based on the operating system
AIX systems, as well as two additions
to the Workgroup Server series on MacOS.
Models Network Server 500/132 and 700/150
use a PowerPC 604 processor with so-
frequency 133 MHz and 150 MHz respectively
respectively, OC AIX 4.1.4, two controllers
Fast and Wide SCSI-2 and dual-architecture
PCI, supporting up to six slots
PCI expansion. In addition, new servers
have redundant fans and allow-
they will perform a "hot" change of disk
water supply. For model 700 it is provided
possibility of additional installation of re-
backup power system.Network Server
500/132 has 512 KB of secondary cache
th level, can support up to 24 GB
memory on disks and has bays for installing
six internal disk drives
lei.Network Server 700/150 is released
with 1 MB L2 cache and can
support up to 32 GB of memory on eight
built-in hard drives. Processor 604/150
can be replaced with a faster one, like
only himwill go on sale.
Apple calls it a
the children of their AIX servers are organized
tions that have outgrown MacOS, however, mod-
whether Workgroup Server continues to remain
aimed at small workers
group. This indicates that in
while many other PC vendors
try to offer solutions of scale
enterprise, Apple maintains its focus
tation unchanged.
Nec will react to price reduction
DRAM, completely collapsing its lines along
production of 4 Mb microchips at a plant in
California, currently releasing from 4 to 5
million devices per month. Thanks to this
the company will be able to double the production of high-
level 16 Mb DRAM, bringing by the end of the year
the volume of their monthly production is up to
18 million pieces. Compression of the work schedule made it possible
lit NEC to commission a new factory
for the production of 16 Mb DRAM in Scotland is already in
December - three months ahead of schedule.
At the end of October, the three main suppliers
information storage systems represent
whether its new products.Seagate Technolo-
gy has expanded its Meda drive family
list and Marathon models with larger capacity
for laptops and desktop systems.
Western Digital Corporation in the Ca-series
viar EIDE released 3-disc products
with a capacity of 2.5 GB and 2.1 GB. And finally, com-
Quantum company announced the release of three
new disk drives, includingwhich are under-
horny 5.25-inch drive, designed
designed for home use
conditions.
All our readers will probably
interesting to know about the history of creation
ZX-SPECTRUM, about her triumphant march through
markets of the world, about a new round of its popularity
ty, but already in our country. about ups and downs
the days experienced by its creator, Sir
Clive Sinclair.
Clive Marles Sinclair was born on July 30
1940 While still a schoolboy, he began to print
good articles in popular English
magazines for radio amateurs. After graduating from school
Lu, Sinclair did not go to university
tet, but was accepted into one of these magazines
lov as an assistant to the deputy re-
doctor and worked for some time in
legislation.In 1961, Clive decided to
start a business and register
founded his first company - SINCLAIR RA-
DIONICS. Even then, having established production
microamplifiers, and then calculators and
miniature televisions, Sinclair set
I have two super goals: minimal
sizes and minimum price.
In 1979, COMMODORE released
la my first household computer PET with
the lowest cost at that time
700`. Newspapers then predicted that prices
on personal computers will go down to
100` no earlier than in 5 years. However
within six months the company SINCLAIR RESE-
ARCH LTD. - new brainchildClive Sinclair-
released the ZX-80 computer at a price of 99`.Res-
to whom the idea contributed to the price reduction
use as a TV display
zor, and as an external memory - everyday life
howling tape recorder.
The ZX-80 broke the conventional wisdom about computers, as
about something accessible only to a select few - in
first 8 months from the start of production
20,000 computers were sold. In March
In 1981, a new model appeared - ZX-81
price is already 60`, and after a few months
Syatsev - a printer for her. True, he listed
Changing the parameters of this machine will cause
you, at best, a smile: black and white
screen, ROM capacity 8 kilobytes, RAM - 1 kilobyte
lobyte(!) (albeit with the possibility of expansion)
rhenium up to 16K).But for the beginning of the eighties
since then it was a real discovery. In 1981
year "for great services in computer science"
terization of the country" (as we would say
in those years) Sinclair was granted a double
Ryan title.
The period of rise of Sinclair-pre-
Receiver: American company TIMEX Ku-
saw a license to produce all of it
development; MITSUMI acquired
exclusive distribution rights
ZX-81 in Japan. A decisive leap forward
became an agreement on the sale of computers
through the British bookselling network.For
one year turnover of SINCLAIR
RESEARCH LTD. grew from 4.6 to 30 million `.
And Clive Sinclair was already preparing a new model
del -ZX-SPECTRUM.Two have been developed
versions of it that differ from each other
RAM capacity - ZX-SPECT-
RUM 16K and ZX-SPECTRUM 48K. The screen has become
color, the ROM volume has increased to 16K, which
significantly expanded the capabilities of built-in
new operating system.Popularity
ZX-SPECTRUM exceeded all expectations - in
Up to 15,000 computers were sold out in a week.
SPECTRUM was originally intended to be used
use for learning programming
nyu.However, companies specializing in
software development, fast
three appreciated the capabilities of the machine. For her
not only translators began to be produced
programming languages and educational programs
frames, but also excellent video games. It turned out
of your year is positive inverse
communication: the better SPECTRUM sold out,
the more actively programs were written for it
we, and the more high-quality
military programs, the higher it became
demand for computer.
The excitement around Sinclair's brainchild captured
and companies manufacturing computer software
peripherals: for ZX-SPECTRUM they are developing-
x disk systems, interfaces for connecting
turning on the light pen, joysticks, prin-
Terov. The publishers did not stand aside either.
flattery - are published specialized -
magazines such as 'Sinclair User',
'Your Sinclair', 'Your Spectrum'.In one
of which ZX-SPECTRUM is affectionately called for the first time'Speccy'.
Although by 1984 the companies ATARI, COMMO-
DORE and AMSTRAD began to produce computers
ters that exceed their capabilities
yam ZX-SPECTRUM, the market has already been shifted to
benefit SINCLAIR RESEARCH LTD. - Speccy
bought in more than 30 countries around the world.
Also in 1984, Sinclair released
ZX-SPECTRUM +, distinguished by its improved
military keyboard, and at the very end
1985 - ZX-SPECTRUM 128, having 128K
RAM, 32K ROM, 3-channel
sound processor and at the same time completely
compatible with previous models.New
the car was enthusiastically received as
Speccy fans and developers alike
software.
It seemed that Sinclair was immune from failure,
but, unexpectedly for many, in 1986
company SINCLAIR RESEARCH LTD. sells everything
rights to production SPECTRUM - jointly
warm computers from AMSTRAD.
the reason for this was financial and organizational
tional difficulties that arose during the development
new model - SINCLAIR QL.This model
intended as a cheap alternative
American IBM PC and had a very
high characteristics: 32-bit
processor, 128K RAM with optional
expandable up to 4 MB, good
graphics and sound. But during its development there was
a number of miscalculations were made, for example, the use
use as external memory for mixing
roaddrives, and no moreconvenient savings
lei - disk drives. For a household computer this
the car did not stop due to the relatively high
no price, but professional - due to non-
sufficiently developed hardware.
Moreover, companies producing software
provision, did not support this, in general
not a bad model. It’s a pity, because in its own way
SINCLAIR QL concept by at least three
years ahead of the now so popular
West computers COMMODORE AMIGA and ATA-
RI ST.
The company's situation worsened and
Clive's sufficient practical acumen
Sinclair. Being an excellent engineer, he
still failed to become a good businessman -
not in the moments of takeoff, not even in the difficult ones
times he did not allow profit
companies from the sale of one computer
embroidered 1`.
Having sold all rights to production and re-
sales of your products, Sir Clive Sinclair
left SINCLAIR RESEARCH LTD.,
leaving behind a research laboratory
laboratory in Cambridge and a famous name.
It is still often found in the country.
famous magazines in connection with the new
new developments of Sinclair, which, one
However, they are no longer related to Speccy.
Subsequent models of the SPECTRUM family -
ZX-SPECTRUM +2 (1986) with built-in
tape recorder and ZX-SPECTRUM +3 (1987)
with built-in disk drive - produced
already by AMSTRAD. Their main advantages are
society in front of SPECTRUM128 is half
valuable keyboard, while
built-in tape recorder and disk drive
which is perceived as a “load”.
Moreover, the floppy disk has a non-standard
size (3 inches) and small capacity (180K).
SPECTRUM +3 partially lost compatibility
bridge with Speccy (approximately to the level
the simplest Soviet homemade products). But this
not a big loss, since what appeared
for it, disk versions of system systems, such as
good and gaming programs significantly
superior to similar ones designed for
working with a tape recorder. However, recently
AMSTRAD announced the closure of
computer production SPECTRUM +3,mo-
motivating this to the fact that consumers prefer
read to buy them rather than more expensive ones
the company's own developments. Until now,
Currently, AMSTRAD continues to produce
only SPECTRUM +2 because this ma-
the tire had no analogues from the company.
In 1986, TIMEX, on its own
waters in Portugal began to release for
Europe computer TIMEX-2048, practically
fully compatible with ZX-SPECTRUM and
also has a number of advantages: improved
advanced keyboard, built-in joyce port
tick, two screen memory areas, mode
enhanced color graphics.For sale
The TIMEX-2068 model was developed in the USA
with the ability to install replaceable cards -
ridges. When connecting one of them
computerbecomes SPECTRUM-compatible
wash, and when connecting another - CP/M-
compatible (Americans do not imagine
eight-bit computer without system
CP/M, same as 16-bit - without
MS-DOS).
Since 1987, TIMEX has planned to
start releasing a new promising model -
SUPER SPECTRUM.It was developed by
based on the Z-80H microprocessor, working with
clock frequency 7MHz. With such fast
action managed to organize two banks
64K memory, on-screen RAM of approx.
50K, which allowed with the resolution method -
screen size 256*192 pixels, reproducibility
have 64 colors for each point. This machine
on, software compatible with ZX-SPECTRUM
and cost less than 200`, could become
a serious competitor to the AMIGA computer.
But SUPER SPECTRUM suffered the same fate
predecessor of SPECTRUM +3 - company
AMSTRAD, concerned about the fate of its own
new developments, did not give permission for it
production, and machines of the SPECTRUM family
gradually faded into the background in the mi-
new trade in household computers.
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